Julius Lester Essay examples -- Children Literature African American E

Julius Lester Julius Lester is an African American Jewish Professor at UMass-Amherst who writes childrens books along with teaching classes in departments of Judaical Studies, History and Literature. Before Julius was a professor at UMass-Amherst he was a graduate of Fisk University in 1960, where he began as a professional musician and singer. He then furthered his career to direct the Newport Folk Festival and then went on to host a live radio show. Presently, Julius is known as foremost among vitriolic writers who produce their work from a position of historical strengths. Julius writes childrens books to teach moral and political values. In many of his books, he uses African American characters to relate keep going to the days of slavery. For example in his book John Henry, he uses an African American character and ,makes him into a hero. The character in the book is able to pull through a cave faster than a machine which symbolizes strength and c ourage among the African American race. In Lesters book, How Many Spots Does A Leopard wealthy person?, he uses n...

Efficacy of Portable Head CT Scan in the Neuroscience Intensive Care Un

Introductionportable Computed Tomography (CT) studies are an important component employ to manage, assess and diagnose CNS diseases, and acute brain injuries, in the Neuroscience ICU (NICU). The portable device is designed specifically for head and neck scans for critically mad patients that are at risk for complications and increased morbidity during intrahospital transportation. Research has found evidence which substantiates that intrahospital transport of patients with brain injuries can impact their outcomes. Many hospital protocols regularize the use of portable head CT (pHCT) scanners to monitor and assess critically ill patients in the NICU, to moderate negative patient outcomes from intrahospital transportation. This is an important factor in reduction and prevention secondary injuries in critically ill patients. The intention of this paper is to critically analyze a research article entitled Portable Head CT Scan and its Effect on Intracranial Pressure (ICP), Cerebra l Perfusion Pressure (CPP), and Brain Oxygen. First, there will be an article digest identifying the premise of the study. Second, validity of the study will be described and discussed. Lastly, this paper will discuss applicability to Neuroscience ICU at University of New Mexico (UNM) Hospital.Article schemeThe authors of this research article were from various Departments at University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. The researchers conducted a retrospective study to assess possible detrimental association of a pHCT on ICP, CPP, and brain oxygen in patients with severe brain injury. The retrospective study selected 34 patients (16 males and 18 females), with the mean age of 42 (15 years), and Glasgow Coma rafts (GCS) 8 at the time of pHCT sca... ...eterious effects on patients. ConclusionPeace et.al. raises a valid hypothesis that warrants further investigation in order to decrease the risks to patients on NICU and other units/ hospitals. In my opinion, studies with signific ant findings, reliability, high internal and external validity, are imperative in making changes in hospitals around the homo to decrease secondary injury to patients. This study can possibly entice other researchers to develop a better study design and investigate the consanguinity between pHCT scans and ICP, CPP and brain oxygen, more vigorously. Works CitedPeace, K., Maloney-Wilensky, E., Frangos, S., Hujcs, M., Levine, J., Kofke, W.A., Yang, W., & Le Roux, P.D. (2011). Portable head CT scan and its effect on intracranial pressure,cerebral perfusion pressure, and brain oxygen. Journal of Neurosurgery, 114(5), 1479-1484.

Explain giving examples how Woolworths should go about HR Planning? :: Business and Management Studies

Explain giving examples how Woolworths should go about HR Planning?Human Resource Planning (HR) is the credit of the futurelabour requirements involveed by a lodge and how these be going to bemet. It is the process by which a company ensures that it has theright come in and kind of people, in the right places at the righttime, doing the things for which they are economically most useful. Itis a method for determining future human resource requirements and create action plans to outfit them. It is defined as a strategy forthe requisition, utilization, improvement and retention of anenterprises human resources and it encompasses the subject concernedwith the developing take off of manpower policies, including those forrecruitment, deployment, development and retention. The use of HR cookery is a big issue for any company if they are to have enough round to meet the future demand that the company may receive.The main issues to do with HR planning at Woolworths is that thecompany has a high labour turnover with many an(prenominal) people moving on to ahigher status job and the idea that people do not really want to workfor the company which has resulted in large numbers of staff leavingthe company. This is mainly due to a large number of the staff beingpart time students who are expression for temporary employment whilstthey are finished their A level or decree courses.The four stages of HR planning that the business will need to considerare* Stock taking* Forecasting the supply of labour* Forecasting the demand for employees* Implementation and reviewThe first stage of HR planning that Woolworths will need to consideris the use of the Labour stock take. The purpose of the labour stocktake is to find out exactly how many staff that the company hasavailable to them after taking into consideration the number of staffthat are leaving the company and the quality of the staff available tothe company. When using a labour stock take, Woolworths should use acombin ation of job analysis and performance review, the use of askills audit will be of little wellbeing to the business as this methodassesses the skills and qualifications of the employee and littlequalification is needed to work in the retail area that the businessoperates in, a combination of the performance review, this involveslooking at the performance of all the employees within theorganisation in order to identify staff potential and to identifywhere staff have more reproduction needs. This will enable the businessto. The use of the job analysis will enable the business enables the

The Future of Small Science Essay -- Nanoscience Technology Essays

The Future of Small ScienceIn the last few years, na nonechnology has become a craze within the science community, even though its nigh completely theoretical nature makes it an industry of potential, rather than results. But in the United arouses, trustingness in its future, backed by a government four-year intend to spend $3.7 billion on nanotechnology research, a host of entrepreneurial businesses have sprung up with nano create verbally somewhere in their mission statements. Basically defined solely as the manipulation of particles on the nano scale (i.e., extremely small), the memory boardamental science for nanotechnology has been around since 1918, when physicist pocket Planck helped create the theories of quantum physics. But without precision equipment, these theories could not be tested, and until tardily no applications could be developed for this in the altogether and intriguing science. Now, the term nanotechnology is used to encompass new techniques and applica tions made real by advanced equipment. And it isnt hardly businesses fighting to stay ahead in the race for mass-production of these newly possible devices, but umteen competitive schools, with Massachusetts universities being main players in the States world-re todayned nano research.Northeastern University has been a serious player in the nanotech field since 2001, when the Kostis Donation gave $200,000 to fund continued nanotechnology research. Now, with a $12.4 million grant received this contact from the National Science Foundation, split mainly between two other brand-new England universities the University of New Hampshire and UMASS Lowell Northeastern has big plans for the future of the very small.Its not a lot of money, but it attracts industry, and thats what we need, said A... ...reate each nano device leaves much fashion for error as well as being impractically slow. Nanoscience is a technology with its greatest potential not for creation, but improvement. It has caught the attention of such a rangy section of the market because miniaturization is such a varied and widely desired concept the medical world hopes to be able to use intelligently invasive nano devices to fight certain viruses within the human torso the computer chip industry could push its processors to unheard of speeds, as smaller chips mean little power, and thus what is considered hand-held technology today could become microscopic. And now with Northeastern positioning itself directly in the middle of what could be the greatest scientific gyration since the Theory of Relativity, this university could become a big force in a world becoming obsessed with the very small. The Future of Small Science sample -- Nanoscience Technology EssaysThe Future of Small ScienceIn the last few years, nanotechnology has become a craze within the science community, even though its almost completely theoretical nature makes it an industry of potential, rather than results . But in the United States, faith in its future, backed by a government four-year plan to spend $3.7 billion on nanotechnology research, a host of entrepreneurial businesses have sprung up with nano written somewhere in their mission statements. Basically defined only as the manipulation of particles on the nano scale (i.e., extremely small), the fundamental science for nanotechnology has been around since 1918, when physicist Max Planck helped create the theories of quantum physics. But without precision equipment, these theories could not be tested, and until recently no applications could be developed for this new and intriguing science. Now, the term nanotechnology is used to encompass new techniques and applications made real by advanced equipment. And it isnt only businesses fighting to stay ahead in the race for mass-production of these newly possible devices, but many competitive schools, with Massachusetts universities being main players in the States world-renowned nano re search.Northeastern University has been a serious player in the nanotech field since 2001, when the Kostis Donation gave $200,000 to fund continued nanotechnology research. Now, with a $12.4 million grant received this March from the National Science Foundation, split mainly between two other New England universities the University of New Hampshire and UMASS Lowell Northeastern has big plans for the future of the very small.Its not a lot of money, but it attracts industry, and thats what we need, said A... ...reate each nano device leaves much room for error as well as being impractically slow. Nanoscience is a technology with its greatest potential not for creation, but improvement. It has caught the attention of such a large section of the market because miniaturization is such a versatile and widely desired concept the medical world hopes to be able to use intelligently invasive nano devices to fight certain viruses within the human body the computer chip industry could push i ts processors to unheard of speeds, as smaller chips mean less power, and thus what is considered hand-held technology today could become microscopic. And now with Northeastern positioning itself directly in the middle of what could be the greatest scientific revolution since the Theory of Relativity, this university could become a big force in a world becoming obsessed with the very small.

Bertrand Russell on Critical Thinking :: Critical Thinking Essays

Bertrand Russell on Critical ThinkingThe ideal of vituperative thought process is a central one in Russells philosophy, though this is not yet gener entirelyy recognized in the literature on critical thinking. For Russell, the ideal is embedded in the fabric of philosophy, science, liberalism and rationality, and this paper reconstructs Russells account, which is split throughout numerous papers and books. It appears that he has developed a rich conception, involving a complex set of skills, dispositions and attitudes, which together delineate a virtue which has both(prenominal) intellectual and moral aspects. It is a view which is rooted in Russells epistemological conviction that knowledge is difficult but not impossible to attain, and in his ethical conviction that freedom and independence in inquiry are vital. Russells account anticipates m whatever of the insights to be found in the recent critical thinking literature, and his views on critical thinking are of enormous impo rtance in understanding the nature of educational aims. Moreover, it is argued that Russell manages to avoid many of the objections which have been raised against recent accounts. With valuate to impartiality, thinking for oneself, the importance of feelings and relational skills, the connection with action, and the problem of generalizability, Russell shows a deep understanding of problems and issues which have been at the forefront of recent debate. The ideal of critical thinking is a central one in Russells philosophy, though this is not yet generally recognized. Russells name seldom appears in the immense literature on critical thinking which has emerged in philosophy of education over the past twenty years. Few commentators have noticed the importance of Russells work in connection with any theory of education which includes a critical component. Chomsky, for example, reminds us of Russells humanistic conception of education, which views the student as an independent person wh ose development is threatened by indoctrination. Woodhouse, also appealing to the concept of growth, points out Russells concern to protect the childs freedom to exercise individual judgment on intellectual and moral questions. Stander discusses Russells claim that schooling all too often encourages the herd mentality, with its fanaticism and bigotry, failing to develop what Russell calls a critical habit of mind. (1) The threat of indoctrination, the importance of individual judgment, and the prevalence of fanatical opinions all point up the need for what nowadays is called critical thinking and Russells work is valuable to anyone who wants to understand what this kind of thinking entails and why it matters in education.

Bertrand Russell on Critical Thinking :: Critical Thinking Essays

Bertrand Russell on Critical ThinkingThe ideal of critical opinion is a central one in Russells philosophy, though this is not yet generally recognized in the literature on critical thinking. For Russell, the ideal is embedded in the fabric of philosophy, science, liberalism and rationality, and this paper reconstructs Russells account, which is scattered throughout numerous papers and books. It appears that he has developed a rich conception, involving a complex set of skills, dispositions and attitudes, which together tie a virtue which has both intellectual and moralistic aspects. It is a view which is rooted in Russells epistemological conviction that knowledge is difficult but not impossible to attain, and in his ethical conviction that freedom and independence in inquiry are vital. Russells account anticipates many of the insights to be found in the youthful critical thinking literature, and his views on critical thinking are of enormous greatness in understanding the natu re of educational aims. Moreover, it is argued that Russell manages to avoid many of the objections which corroborate been raised against late(a) accounts. With respect to impartiality, thinking for oneself, the importance of feelings and relational skills, the connection with action, and the problem of generalizability, Russell shows a deep understanding of problems and issues which have been at the forefront of recent debate. The ideal of critical thinking is a central one in Russells philosophy, though this is not yet generally recognized. Russells name seldom appears in the considerable literature on critical thinking which has emerged in philosophy of education over the past twenty years. Few commentators have noticed the importance of Russells last in connection with any theory of education which includes a critical component. Chomsky, for example, reminds us of Russells humanistic conception of education, which views the student as an independent person whose phylogeny is threatened by indoctrination. Woodhouse, also appealing to the concept of growth, points out Russells concern to protect the childs freedom to exercise individual judgment on intellectual and moral questions. Stander discusses Russells claim that schooling all too often encourages the herd mentality, with its fanaticism and bigotry, failing to develop what Russell calls a critical habit of mind. (1) The threat of indoctrination, the importance of individual judgment, and the prevalence of fanatical opinions all point up the need for what nowadays is called critical thinking and Russells work is valuable to anyone who wants to understand what this kind of thinking entails and why it matters in education.

Effect of Communication Barriers in Organization

Ladies and Gentlemans, To solar sidereal day, I want to sh argon with you somewhat Effect of Communication Barriers and how to overcome this barriers. Good communicating is very important. Without confabulation, there is no way to express our thoughts, ideas and feelings. Since we babies and grew up, we learnt more words and study how to communicate with different population, at different times, in different ways. perusal about conversation enables us to be good communicators and brings a ways to a good effective dialogue. Communications wipe out a m each definition. What in important, communication needs a sender and a receiver of the subject.No matter how, communication brook describes as a process which begins when we have a message that want deliver to otherwise persons, the persons received the message, react to it and respond our message. That response may lead us to react and pretend another message (Elizabeth Tierney, 1998). This message must be conveyed through s ome medium to the receiver. It is essential that this message must be understood by the recipient in same terms as intended by the sender. There are three (3) types of effectives communication that we utilize every day in our lives (Camp & Satterwhite 2002).First is spoken Communication. Oral Communication is the spoken interaction between two or more of people. Its used as an instant and fast to conveying and receiving of information. Its also builds self-esteem for both the audience and the speaker. It includes individuals conversing with each other, be it direct or telephonic conversation. Speeches, presentations, questionions are completely told forms of oral communication. These recommended when the communication matter is of temporary kind. Face to face communication (meetings, lectures, conferences, interview, and so forth is signifi cigarett so as to build a rapport an trust. According to Camp & Satterwhite (2002), Oral Communication follow ways by Face to Face conver sation, meeting, voice mail messages, tele-confering, oral presentation and lastly is public speaking. All these ways can be good communication and its most effective when the sender of a message has a good skill to deliver what they want to said. The sustain types are a Written Communication. It means a representation of a language in a textual medium through the use of a set of signs or symbol (Wikipedia).Written Communication is the way how we interpreted the feeling by some piece of paper. Written Communication can take derriere via letters, faxes, memos, e-mail, and reports, minute of meeting and new releases. It provides documentation and proof of the exchange of information. It helps in laying down apparent principles, policies and rules for running of an organization Last and not least, any kind of communication not accept the word, its called non verbal communication. This is the last types of communication that we use every day.It is communication of feelings, emotions, altitudes, and thoughts through body movement, gestures, eye contact, etc. Non verbal can include vocal heftys that are no word such as grunt, sigh, and whimpers. Effective communication plays an important role not tho in organization but is equally important in our personal life. Effective communication is important at all the levels in an organization. Effective communication goes a long way in passing the correct and the desired information to the recipient and the work is accomplished without errors in a ill-judged interbreed on time.Effective communication also nullifies the chances of misunderstandings, conflict and errors which might crop in cases where the message is not clear. But, in the same time, there has a barriers can avoid and prevent persons from paying full attention to the message. It called as Communication Barriers. Ok, lets see what that communication barriers, Barriers Communication is an interference or noise that might interfere when communication proc ess happen. When I making the research what kind effect of communication barrier, they have lot of barrier can may distract and prevent the receiver from paying full attention to the message.Therefore, on this day, we volition be discussing five (5) communication barrier and how to puzzle out this problem. unrivalled of communication barriers is Physical interference. Physical interference is external and outside the control of both the speaker and the receiver. It affects the personal transmission of the message. Example a noise disturbances homogeneous loud music, the sound of traffic from a busy road, static coming from loud speaker system, or loud drilling from a nearby. Those kind of physical interference allow for affect the massage that been transferred from speaker to the listener.Lets have a test to prove that this. Try to get 20 person seance in the circle near to a radio and give a sentence to the first person She swim at the sea shore and recover a sea shell. I c onfident that the word after receive by the last person in the group will besides She swim.. and the other word will be lost between the root from one person to another. This is a common thing that happened to us every day because of the surrounding and to avoid this thing happen and we have to overcome the problem first.Try to look at the issues here the massage was not been transfer correctly because of the sound surrounding the group. At any circumstances, the message might be wrongly be delivered because of the music from the radio itself. Human bodies are connecting to each other and were attach to our brain. If the ears are hearing something else other than the message that the delivered, the brain will capture something that similar to the massage or will lost in the transmitting. To solve this problem, we have to make sure that there are no interruption or and activity other than the group itself.In our life, if someone are having a discussion that involve two way communi cation, we have to make sure that we at the place that no other thing can interrupt the conversation between the group. In a corporate organization, they will always having a meeting in a meeting room so that everyone can concentrate to the thing that they discuss and came up with a best solution or result. A second barrier of communication is a Lack of Enthusiasm, Subject Knowledge, Language and Emotion. Many of us are quick feel hopeless and turn away from a situation.This is one of the problems that lead to communication barriers. Do you really believe your organization is offend than the competitions Do you look as confident manager as you say you are? If you dont have knowledge about your organization, its problem to your organization. Why I say so, this is because when youre dont have knowledge and experiences, it can hamper to the overall working of an organization. So, to solve this problem, we as a manager must show some enthusiasm like begin paying attention to the types of expressions we use.When everything we do with a smile, a adept or negative message will not happen. Languages play an important role in a joint communication in an organization. When we do a dealing with other country, we must have a requires skill to understand the language of their country. Example this language barrier is, when a country like Malaysia betray with Japan, the problem occurs when the communication dealing. This is because, Japan use their language as a intermediate language. So Malaysian must learn their language to communicate with them other than English to facilitate a transaction.Emotions are obstacles to any communication. If there are negative feelings that arise in the mind of a person, all communications will be interrupted. In an organization, we, as a manager should play an important role in a good relationship with all employees. We must be ready to solve problems that occur between subordinates not with a heavy heart side even with a sense of ration al. On my knowledge and experiences, each organization provides performance evaluation for each employee. Every manager must needs to put forward their views on the performance of employees.Problem to this situation is, when manager used their emotion to this views on the performance of employee like dishonesty, jealousy, and other negative feelings, it will affect the progress of performance subordinate staff. These things should not happen in to organization. So, all manager here, please dont use your emotion when evaluating the performance on your subordinates. The third problem of communication is a Semantic Barrier. Semantic barriers are the misunderstandings meaning of word and can occurs the barrier of communication. Someone can interpret the meaning with their experienced.Its related between word, signs & phrases. Its is the most difficulties in communication arise because the same word or symbol means different things to different individuals. Example of Semantic Barriers i s like Connotation and Fluency. Connotation is a unremarkably understood subjective cultural or emotional association that some word or phrase carries, in addition to the words or phrases explicit or literal meaning, which is its denotation (Wikipedia). They have a two (2) distinct sense. First is a What must we know in order to determine the reference of an expression and secondly an idea to we suggested for implemented.For all knowledge, a sentence can convey entirely different meanings depending on the speech pattern on words and the smelling of voice for example, the statement, I didnt SAY you were stupid has six different meanings, depending on which word is emphasized like I didnt say YOU were stupid and I didnt say you were STUPID. Some point to all remember is when we are angry or excited, our speech tends to go more rapid and higher pitched, when we are bored or feeling down, our speech tends to slow and take on a monotone quality and when we are feeling defensive, our speech is often abrupt.Fluency is the ability to read text accurately and quickly. Most people around us do not fully verify the skill to speaks and read with confident. This weakness makes ones self look weak in any communication with co-workers and managers. Fluency is very important to all of us. Why I say it is important? These is because, it shows that someone is knowledgeable in a particular field, say with utmost confidence and this will make the people around respect for ourselves. The fourth problem is a Physiological Interference. Health problems are one of the causes of the outbreak of the communication barrier.Headache, hearing loss, blindness, lack of focus, and suffer from short term memory lost due to physiological challenges on the part of the speaker or the receiver. When this happens, the speakers or the receiver will not take check off of the things that will be presented by the speaker. Conditions such as headaches, blindness, lack of memory, hearing loss occur s in every person around us. Is my own example, if we have a headache, blindness, pain throughout the body, we will automatically fully concentrate on the pain and if someone started chatting, we like to take cognizance of and did not focus on it.If someone who was hearing-impaired, it is the biggest problem faced to communicate with people around. As speakers, if we want to deliver a thing of message, we must say with a loud tone clearly so that the receiver understands the meaning that we want delivered. For the blindness eyes, this will also affect the delivery of on-screen if any speakers make presentation using index finger point slides. This resulted in someones difficult to concentrate on a slide that is displayed. Therefore, health is very important in a relationship communication.We will be constantly emphasize that our personal health symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, dim eyes, aching body is not the case because when it is in our bodies, all the important things will not be able to fully focus especially if are performing their duties in place work. Last and not least, is a lack of pen and spoken in English. This is the one problem that happen in all of us expecially who doesnt know how to communicate in English. In an organization, English is the master(prenominal) language. Less of reading book in English also be

Market Mix

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI SCHOOL OF BUSINESS STUDIES BANDARI COMPUS KIBWANA . K. MATAKA REG NO D61/70919/2008 MASTERS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ASSIGNMENT A. IDENTIFY A FIRM OPERATING IN KENYA AND ANALYSE ITS PRODUCT MIX USING BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP MATRIX (BCG MATRIX) B. FOR THE SAME FIRM DISCUSS HOW CHANGES IN THE selling ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES IN THE LAST THREE YEARS HAS AFFECTED MARKETING ACTIVITIES. C. IDENTIFY LAWS/ACTS IN KENYA AFFECTING MARKETING. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF LAW/ACTS. A. Identify a self-coloured in operation(p) in Kenya and analyse its convergence mix using Boston Consulting Group Matrix (BCG Matrix)In order for us to discuss the identified squ be operating in Kenya and analyse its product mix using Boston Consulting Group Matrix (BCG Matrix) its important to discuss Boston Consulting Group as concepts then we take to and analyse the eitheriance identified. Boston Consulting Group Matrix which is also referred as BCG Matrix, Boston matrix, Boston Box, Boston Matrix or Boston Consulting Group analysis is a chart that has been created by Bruce Henderson for the Boston Consulting Group in 1970 to help corporations with analyzing their business unit or product lines.Among its uses this model helps organizations to allocate resources and is used as analytical tool in branding ranketing, product management, strategic management and portfolio analysis. For the purpose of our news we pass on analyze the East Afri rump Breweries Ltd (EABL) which has an annual all overturn of over 30 billion and has the largest parcel of land of beer industry in the region. The group employs much than 1000 people across East Africa. We intend to skew our intelligence on the Kenyan perspective of the troupe.Generally, Boston Consulting Group matrix considers two criteria the native market share and trade egression rate. Categorically it separates products into four areas that is to say- * Stars * oral sex Marks * Cash Cows * Dogs Question Marks Under question mark products we argue that Alvaro which is a non alcoholic beverageic malt drink qualifies to be considered into this category. These products which are also referred as problem child open gamey fruit rates but low relative market share. In the graduation exercise six months in the market the connection had spent over 600,000 to promote it.Thus they are known to be growing rapidly and thus consumes large fare of cash. Alvaro has shown the potential to gain market share and become a star and eventidetually a cash cow when the market slows. However if the question mark does not succeed in becoming a market leader it pass on degenerate into a dog when the market growth declines. Question marks must be analysed carefully to determine the direction in which they are moving toward to. Stars In November 2004 EABL introduced Senator keg brand into the market.The brand has high performance since it is providing low-priced and high quantity alternatives for illicit brews. It targets the low income earners. This brand qualifies to be a star. Senator Keg is probably relatively new product in the growth chassis because they have high market shares, however they may be generating sufficient growth lolly to cover their investment needs. By 2008 the product had passed the mark of 3500. This products will become cash cows of the later years but it currently unlikely to be enerating a high level of revenue due to the high level of investment required to expand the product. Usually the predominant outline is to grow then to the next stage the cash cow where most profits are made. To achieve this keep comp whatever is using the Tuko Mtaani na senator keg promotion as the main merchandise driving force. Cash Cows Tusker is the main brand for EABL with over 30% of the Kenyan beer market selling more than 700,000hectolitres per year. This brand was launched in 1923. Tusker beer has high market share in a show growing industry.This product typically generate cash in excess of the amount needed to maintain the business. With this product the market life circle has moved to maturity and the growth is slow. They are regarded as staid and boring state. Tusker beer as a cash cow, also benefit from low production approachs, reaping the advantages of experience or learning curve, overconfident product loyalty. Pilsner beer brand may also be categorized in this category. Dogs They are products which have little or no prospects. Some books refer them as pests. These units typically break even generating enough cash to maintain the business market share.It may not yet be making a outlet unless it is demanding disapproriate use of overheads. Hence this category and just like the problem child should be thoroughly analysed with a view of either improving it or even discontinued as soon as it becomes a burden. Whitecap beer brand falls under this category. It is one of the oldest brands which is targeting high ranking professional people. The ov erall terminus of this ranking is to help corporate analysts decide which of their business units to fund and how much which units to sell.The above discussed can be summarized in the table below- StarsSenator Keg Question marks/problem ChildAlvaro Cash Cows * Tusker * Pilsner DogsWhite punk mart Growth Rate Low High Market Growth Rate HighLow Relative Market Share B. FOR THE SAME FIRM DISCUSS HOW CHANGES IN THE MARKETING ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES IN THE LAST THREE YEARS HAS AFFECTED MARKETING ACTIVITIES. The Marketing environmental factors for Kenya Breweries consist of the actors and forces that affect the company ability to develop and maintain successful relationship with its target customers.In the last tether years the company experienced changes in the merchandising environmental forces. These marketing environmental forces may be categories either as micro environmental forces and macro environmental forces. The changes in micro environmental forces will be discussed by looki ng at both the internal and external environmental forces. The changes range on the next areas- * The company * The suppliers * Marketing intermediaries * customer markets * Competitors * Publics During the period under reexamine the company experience a marketing change (physically) of the top management.Recently the top management experienced a shakeup after the CEO Mr. Gerald Mahinda, leaving the company to South Africa based company Brand house. This calls for readjustment, internal rearrangement, which touched the marketing programmes, plans and actions. More adjustments are expected since the person alternate Mr. Mahinda Mr. Seni Setu from Ghana was working with Coca cola it is expected that he will pump in the skills gathered from the rival firm. During the electioneering period year 2007/08 the boorish witnessed massive violence and final stage of properties.The most affect region is the Rift Valley and central Province. These are the regions which are known for gro wing barley which is the main raw material for beer processing. It is in record that farms were set ablaze and farmer displaced. This greatly affected and disrupted the supply pattern and equally affected the cost of acquiring the raw material. In a large extent this compelled the company to resort to alternative sources of raw materials. Since the traditional suppliers were no longer reliable, stock not available.This greatly raised the production cost and hence cost mooringing process was and is still being administered. This fact has been captured by the EABLS2009 half year results history which had the theame of growth in extraordinary times. Changes in Marketing intermediaries such(prenominal) as resellers, physical distribution firms, marketing services agencies and operations of financial intermediaries has greatly affected the marketing activities of East African Breweries and the country at large. The period under review witnessed the introduction of telebanking services .The Mpesa and Zap concepts for the safaricom and Zain mobile service providers greatly affected the marketing intermediaries. In fact some resellers are now partnering with these two services providers. This has smoothen the marketing activities and shortened transaction period. Our discussion on marketing intermediaries is not complete without looking and analyzing the aftermath of post election violence in particular. The period under review witnessed the physical redistribution of reseller, firms and the potential customers.The resellers, firms and customers migrated away from quicksilver(a) regions to neutral grounds. The company areas forced to utilize the research and development department to analyse this new trend of distribution of resellers physical distribution firms and relocated customers. In order for East African Breweries Limited to create satisfying customer relationship it must partner with marketing intermediaries who form an important component of the companys overall value delivery system to customers. The resellers who are at times referred to as middlemen are the main players for the company.The company distribute their products through the wholesalers to the retailers beforehand reaching the final customers. The wholesalers are considered as the distributors. Hence like explained earlier all these were affected by the post election violence. However still the company did a roundabout of the intermediaries marketing. For example 500 bars were recruited and activated, 2500 waiters trained and modules and CDS manuals provided. The East African Breweries Ltd position and strength in relation to the competition and its market share has a very important influence on company strategy.The period under discussion saw the entrants of new players and aggressive advancement of new competitions such as Keroche Industries and Kuguru Food Products. This led the company into trying to reach out for the new products such as the new brand of customer s. The introduction of non-alcoholic drink (Alvaro) which is a flanker product and meant to attract other customers. In order to the capture the market from illicit brews. The company introduced the Senator keg. This new products exposed the company to the major(ip) marketing battle with the Coca cola company.Under competition companies usually derive their marketing strategies from the competition rather than customer orientation. According to research about 70% of Kenyans preponderantly Christian populations do not drink alcohol but do socialize in bars and pubs. According to Ndirangu Maina, the Managing Director of Kenya Market Research firm (Consumer Insight Africa) The non alcoholic business was owned by Coca cola, its amazing that an alcoholic company would think of that before coke. Like explained earlier over 600,000 has been wield for this product.The fact that we have competitors in the market implies that Kenya breweries is not a monopoly. In fact they are at times cha llenged by the traditional brewers who have ratty products. This prompted the company to introduce new products such as Allsops and Senator keg into the market. Basing our next argument on the studies of Kotler by looking at the seven types of publics. For the last three years all the seven publics were affected by a scrap of changes. The period witnessed the formation of East African Community, this has led to the company advancing into all east African Countries including Rwanda and Burundi.This greatly increased the size of publics for example citizens action publics include consumer organization, local publics, general publics and the internal publics have been increasing. This greatly changed the marketing strategies, plans and timings. Our second base part of discussion is based on the macro environmental forces which are factors over which the organization has least control over the last three years. These factors have greatly changed hence affecting the marketing activiti es. Changes in social cultural environment is from two dimensions social and cultural. Kibera F. N. and Waruingi B.C advance an argument of the concept of oneness among Africans. This popular opinion further influences distribution in that many African distributor find it unethical to expand profit base at the expense of their own. It has further been argued that consumers go for imported goods because they view them as superior. Also related to culture are norms and believes for example EABL will not concentrate on North and eastern obligation because of traditional norms and religions and beliefs on alcohol. However for the purpose of our discussion let us look at social factor associated with demographic patterns.The perpetual pull of the urban centers and the push of rural centres have lead to concentrating the population on urban areas. This trend has now changed to pull those urban areas which have more cosmopolitan status which was as a result of post election violence. Th ere a number of people lost their lives. This clearly shows that clenographic patterns keeps on ever-changing with the interaction of people and the other element of cultural borrowing and sharing. Generally the urban population is characterized by the sprawling slums for the low income people.The company resorted to introducing Senator keg campaigns of the Tuko Mitaani so s to capture this market. The fact that cultures are for people and people form the markets hence any changes in them greatly affects the marketing structure and strategies. There is shun publicity or rather attitude of the society towards bar attendants. Recently the company as a marketing venture resolved to national campaign of training the bar attendants and to a large extent sending the message to the society that there is nothing wrong with those who deal in alcohol a total of over 2500 waiters have been trained.Further those one found sellers of their products by training them they greatly improve their im age and sales. The world is currently experiencing economic crunch. Inflation is on the rise and it has passed 29. 30%. This means the cost of production is increasing, also consumers are now conscious of the prices and priority is placed on primary products. Hence EABL is witnessing a shift of customers to cheaper brands. Here the Tuko Mitaani promotion came into play. Unemployment or disguised employment is on rise. This affects the customers behavior because of absence of source of income.Further for those who are employed due to the world economic crunch and inflation, the disposable income is mainly spent on primary goods. Hence the percentage which is normally being left for luxuries is being reduced and further consumer shift to cheaper products and local brews. The economic crunch has also affected credit availability. Here many distributors continue to carry narrow assortment of merchandise. Therefore the economies of large musical scale distributions are largely affected . Also affected is EABL which has to get some supplies on credit.The company came up with Jisimamie na Kshs. 50 million credit advancement strategy targeting SMEs and giving them 50,000 for a viable business plan. Since under such circumstances consumers buy what is really necessary and the EABL is out for cost saving ventures. This greatly affect marketing exercise which are generally consume a lot of cash the marketing spending yet increased by 5% in 2009 reports, EABL has to be careful therefore with pricing policies, marketing and distribution activities. EABL in 2008 alone 2. 165 million was spent on marketing alone.Coming up with Bambua Bambika million promotion meant to entice consumers to buy with the hope of getting out of economic crunch. The speed of change and the trespass of technology has a major impact on the EABL ability to undertake the marketing activities. Technological environment is based on scientific knowledge, research, inventions and innovations. The period under review saw the introduction of major technologies. To mention a few introduction of new technology for canned beer, telebanking and widespread use of cyberspace and world wide web.The top achievement of the company is the coming up with a high yielding barley species. The change in technological forces has greatly influenced marketing activities of EABL. Further the company has capitalized in internet to create a web site which is interactive and calls for scanning of information across the board. The canned beer is suitably parked for takeaways. The ecological/physical environment forces are calls using of physical environmental friendly ingredients. The changes in climatic conditions for the last three years is associated with global warming.We are witnessing harsh climatic conditions. The extremely wild conditions have forced EABL to start the programme of supplying refrigerators to wider areas so as to cool their products and making them more refreshing. Further harsh c limatic conditions have affected production of barley hence raise cost. Further the company has launched the Green Goals 2010 innitiative with its six pillars such as caring for environment, enforcement of environmental standards, recycling, waste reduction and work matters. In order to take care of pollution the company is sticking to recyclable non wasteful parking material.All these environmental issue have led to the growth importance of green issues in marketing. Related to the physical environment forces is geographical forces. Population distribution and size indicates an absolute potential consuming public. The bulk of this discussion has been explained while presenting arguments for demographic pattern and its changes. Connectivity and general infrastructure are part of geographical forces. Regions like Bundalangi and general Western region have experienced destruction of infrastructure such as roads, bridges due to harsh climatic condition.This greatly affect the distribu tion of products and raises the cost of production and distribution. Increasingly, political and legal systems can have significant effects on marketing policies and strategies. Both the government and consumer have made the task of marketing more complex. The period under review has witnessed the raise of popularly known sin taxes by over 70%. This affected the cost of production. Further the government has introduced NACADA which is all out to fight alcohol and drugs consumption. This indiscriminate advocacy against alcohol has affected marketing activities of EABL.The highlighted legislations and anti alcohol lobbyist strict advertising laws shaped the companys marketing process. This lead to the following strategies. We ID Campaign, Dont drink and drive campaigns The legal framework is more inclined toward regulation of activities in general terms. The concept of free market frugality has greatly affected the marketing of KBL products since foreign products fill the market. The period being discussed has witnessed the ever growing concern of alcoholic related advertisement.If this law is passed then it will mean total restructuring of market process for KBL even though this law is yet to be passed yet it is causing ripples in form of lobbying and discussion farms which the company is forced to take up the responsibilities and related cost. Finally the political skirmishes related to the post election violence has greatly affected the marketing activities of EABL. A lot has been discussed about the effects post election violence in the earlier discussions. c. IDENTIFY LAWS/ACTS IN KENYA AFFECTING MARKETING. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF LAW/ACTS.It must be notable that marketing does not take place in a vacuum. Among the factors which affect marketing is legal related factors. In Kenya there are a number of laws which generally affect market operations in the country. The laws regulate marketing functions right from the functions, products and even pricing. For the purpose of this discussion let us look at them one after the other. The Supplies Preventition Management toy Cap 17 of 2007 aims at establishing, inventory, improve and publish the standard of the supplies professional. The set guides on training and relevant examinations boards.The spots adorn the administrators of this Act register and licence all practitioner under this cadre. The Sale of Goods Act Cap 31 specializes the condition for sales of goods in Kenya. The Act specifies the saying of a contract and the performance of a contract. The rights of unpaid sellers against the goods and action for the breach of the contract one areas which have been covered in the Act. Narcotic Drugs an Psychotropic substances Act Cap 4 of 1994 is an Act of parliament with respect to the control of the possession of trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substance an cultivation of certain plants.To provide for forfeit of property derived from or used in illicit or narcotic drugs and psychotropic substance and for committed purposes. The Tobacco Control Act Cap 4 of 2007, its objective and purpose is to provide a legal framework for the control of the production, manufacture, sale, labeling, advertising, promotion, sponsorship and use of tobacco products including exposure to tobacco smoke in order to value the user, consumer, person below the age of 18 and secondary affected citizens.The Exchange Control Act Cap 113 (Repealed) is an Act of parliament to confer panes and impose duties and economic consumption in relations to gold, currency payments, security, debts and the import, export, transfer and settlement of properties and for purposes committal thereof. The Act further has rules which are regarded as the Exchange Control fees. The fire Arms Act Cap 114 is an act of parliament for regulatory, licencing and for the controlling, the manufacturer, importers and exporters, sales, repairs, storage, possession and use of firearms, ammunition, arigrams an d destruction devices and commented purposes.Which its subsidiary inflation the Act has rules associated with firearms. Equally fees chargeable per fireman is specified. Another Act of fan tan charged with the responsibility to make provisions for regulatory the sale and supply of liquor and for matters incidental thereto and committed therewith is the Liquor Licencing Act Cap 121. However this act does not apply to certain areas these areas have been stipulated in the Act varying for medical purposes to sale of liquor on board of vessels.Related to this Act is the Pharmacy and Poisons Act Cap 244 which is also an Act of parliament to make better provision for control of the profession of pharmacy and the trade in drugs and poison. simulate Right Act Cap 130 (1966) is an Act of Parliament to make provision for copyright in literacy, musical and artistic works, audio visual works, sonorous recording and broadcasts. Under its subsidiary legislations has regulations which are amid a t explaining caption 15.Agricultural produce marketing Act Cap 320 is an act of parliament to control and regulate the marketing of Agricultural produce, enable marketing brands to provide for the powers and fantasies of the boards and for matters committed therewith. This stipulates the establishment of marketing boards and under its miscellaneous part it stipulates the regulations, offences and other related matters. Associated with this Act we have internal Cereal and Produce Board, Pyrethrum Act 340, Tea Act Cap 343, Cotton Act cap 335, Coconut Industry Act Cap 332 and coffee tree Act Cap 9 among others are all agricultural marketing related Acts.The National Cereals and Produce Board Act which is an Act of parliament that regulates and controls the marketing and processing of maize, wheat and scheduled agricultural produce to produce NCCPB and control purpose therewith. The rest of the listed Acts listed in this paragraph are to provide respective way for reorganization, reg ulation of the respective industry and the control of growing process and most importantly marketing. That respective product for both scientific and agronomic research and any other concerned purposes.The Pest Control Product Act Cap 346 (1983) is another agricultural related Act which regulated the importation manufacture, distributors and the use of products for controls of pests, and of the constitutive(a) functions for control purposes. The Restriction Board Monopolies and Price Control Act Cap 504 is and act of parliament which is geared towards encouraging competition in the economy by prohibiting restrictive trade practices continuing monopolies concentration of economic powers and prices.However even though this Act supports competition the Foreign Investment Protection Act Cap 518 gives justification to certain approved foreign investments and matters incidental thereof. In conclusion therefore legal aspects generally influenced the marketing practices in Kenya. In fact the laws discussed are further a few. There are others and in fact all the laws of Kenya has one way or another affected marketing either directly or indirectly.

Orphanage

Orphanage is the name to describe a residential institution devote to the c be of orphans children whose parents are deceased or early(a)wise unable to care for them. Parents, and sometimes grandparents, are legally responsible for supporting children, but in the absence seizure of these or other relatives willing to care for the children, they become a ward of the state, and orphanhoods are a way of providing for their care and housing. Children are educated within or outside of the orphanage.Orphanages provide an alternative to foster care or adoption by giving orphans a community-based setting in which they live and learn. 1 In the crush cases, orphanages can be dangerous and unregulated places where children are subject to abuse and neglect. 2 An orphanage is sometimes called a group home, childrens home, rehabilitation center or offspring treatment center. The first orphanages, called orphanotrophia, were founded in the 1st century amid various alternative means of orphan support.Jewish righteousness, for instance, prescribed care for the widow and the orphan, and Athenian law supported all orphans of those killed in military service until the age of eighteen. Plato (Laws, 927) says Orphans should be placed under the care of public guardians. Men should have a idolize of the loneliness of orphans and of the souls of their departed parents. A man should love the unfortunate orphan of whom he is guardian as if he were his own child. He should be as careful and as diligent in the management of the orphans property as of his own or even more careful relieve. 3 The care of orphans was referred to bishops and, during the Middle Ages, to monasteries. galore(postnominal) orphanages practiced some form of binding-out in which children, as soon as they were old enough, were given as apprentices to households. This would ensure their support and their learning an occupation. Such practices are assumed to be quite rare in the modern Western world, thanks to i mproved social security and changed social attitudes, but remain in force in many other countries.Since the 1950s, after a series of scandals involving the coercion of birth parents and abuse of orphans (notably at Georgia Tanns Tennessee Childrens Home Society), the United States and other countries have moved to de-institutionalize the care of vulnerable childrenthat is, close down orphanages in favor of foster care and accelerated adoption. Moreover, as it is no longer parking lot for birth parents in Western countries to give up their children, and as far fewer people die of diseases or violence while their children are still young, the need to operate large orphanages has decreased.Major charities are increasingly focusing their efforts on the re-integration of orphans in order to keep them with their parents or extended family and communities. Orphanages are no longer common in the European community, and Romania in particular has struggled to reduce the visibility of its chi ldrens institutions to meet conditions of its entry into the European Union. In the United States, the largest remaining orphanage is the Bethesda Orphanage, founded in 1740 by George Whitefield. In many works of fiction (notably Oliver Twist and Annie), the administrators of orphanages are depicted as cruel monsters.

Out of This Furnace Essay

Out of This Furnace is a historical fiction that was written by doubting Thomas Bell in 1941 and describes the life of immigrant workers in the States. Bell grew up in Braddock in Pennsylvania, a mill town that was common of umpteen of the industrialized areas in America at that time. His novel reflects the hardships his family faced as they struggled to conk in the new country and he utilizes the medium of a fictional fiction to challenge the capitalist ideals of the government of that extent through the trials and tribulations of his immigrant steelworkers.The book focuses on the lives of four individuals and describes how the four individual characters Kracha, Mike, Mary and Dobies lives transport as a direct consequence of changes which occurred in general for America immigrants between the mid(prenominal) 1800s and 1920s. Through encompassing the life experiences of four generations, Bell is able to provide the reader with insights into the appearance in which these indiv iduals lifestyles and beliefs became more liberal.A retentiveside this the story of the development of the labor unions is staged and the reader gains impressions into how these unions were viewed and approached by the people they were designed to help. M whatever workers had no policy-making freedom or even a spokesperson in the comp both that employed them. However, through all of these hardships, the immigrants continued their struggle for a break out life. For domainy people America, during the economic and evolution of the mid 1800s, stand for a country of hope and dreams, a place that could provide them with great opportunities and better economic prospects.As a result of this many atomic number 63an immigrants, many without skills, left their countries of origin in order to work in the many factors and steel mills. Whilst lines were in abundance the work was hard, laborious and very poorly paid. The Slovaks of Thomas Bells Out of this Furnace are representative of these immigrants. The first of the three generations described within the story is Djuro Kracha, a Slovak peasant (p. 3) who left behind his nation of birth in the hope of ending the poverty and oppression he suffered there. Kracha initially works on the railroad before landing a job in a Dubrik mill through a friend.The descriptions of the work he endured provides the reader with the impression that employment at the mill was dangerous, arduous and relentless. The hours of work were long and tiredness of the employees often led to accidents thus evidenced by the death of Dubiks best friend George who is killed as a blast furnace explodes. Whilst such accidents were typical on a daily basis in the mills of America unless no actions were taken to improve safety or the working conditions of the employees in the mill. In Bells book, Kracha eventually terminates his employment at the mill in order to become a butcher.This however, does not make his situation any easier and he inevitably tu rns to alcohol as many immigrants of the time did. The scenes described by Bell in the novel are not limited to the workers themselves but also point out the environmental damage the industrialization created The mills had filled in the shore line for miles up and down the river, destroying trees, obliterating little streams and the shingly beaches where as recently as the turn of the century campers had set up tents in summer, burying the clean earth under tons of cinder and run slag.The banks no longer sloped naturally to the waters edge but dropped vertically, twenty-foot walls of cold slag pierced at intervals with steaming outlets and marked by dribbling stains. (Bell 153) The second major character within the novel is Mike Dobrejcak, another Slovak immigrant who came to America whilst still in his teens and married Krachas daughter, Mary. Although still aspire and yearning for the American Dream, Mike is a second-generation immigrant who is more aware of the politics of the US and the potential of his vote during election periods.One of the significant themes of Bells book is that of the lack of republican form of government for all the people. The countries decisions were made to benefit the financial and business interests of the few. Many of the mill workers did not vote and, for those that did, their infix made very little difference. This is reflected in Bells description of the division of power There are men in that mill who were natural here, whose fathers and grandfathers were born here. They know more English than youll ever learn.And what good is their vote doing them? They have to work in the mill and eat dirt like any greenhorn. Let me tell you, Ive been in America enough to know that its run just like any other country. In Europe your emperors and grand dukes own everything and over here its your millionaires and your trusts. They run the country to suit themselves, and dont think theyre going to let you substitute every few years wit h your miserable vote. Get that into your head. Your vote means nothing. The company man always wins.If he isnt a company man to start with, he becomes one afterward the millionaires see to that. (Bell 66-67) Workers were not encouraged to vote, and if they decided to vote, they were strongly encouraged to vote for the politicians the company endorsed, Mike had registered as a Republican, anything else would have been suicidal, but had determined to vote for Eugene Debs, the Socialist. He knew the risk. Should he be found out, and that the company had ways of learning how a man had voted nobody in Braddock doubted. e would be fired. (Bell 189-190).Through Bells description of Mikes opinions, it becomes clear that whilst the workers wanted progress, their view of how this would be achieved contradicted that of the capitalists. The capitalists aimed for generation of wealthiness and industrialization whilst the workers simply wanted a better way of life and greater equality. Such con flicting aspirations cause a number of disputes between the both representative groups.Mike unfortunately is killed during an accident at work and the story progresses onto describing, through Mary, the reality of families attempting to survive and support themselves after the death of their partners in the mill. The last part of the novel concerns a character called Dobie, the son of Mike and Mary. Dobies life and experiences differ greatly from Mikes as he matures during a period of insurance policy reforms and changes. The Unions have become more prominent and workers rights and working conditions have improved.Dobie himself has become a symbol for these changes as he becomes a Union leader and campaigns tirelessly to gain the rights his father and grandfather were denied. Dobies stories depict how the mill workers in the US eventually overcame the capitalists and achieve political freedom It was the way you thought and felt about certain things. About freedom of speech and the equality of men and the importance of having one law the same law for rich and poor, for the people you care and the people you didnt like.About the right of every man to live his life as he thought best, his right to defend it if anyone tried to change it and his right to change it himself if he decided he liked some other way of living better. About the uses to which wealth and power could honorably be put, and about honor itself, honor, integrity, self-respect, the whatever-you-wanted-to-call-it that determined for a man which things he couldnt say or do under any circumstances, not for all the silver there was, not even to help his side win. (Bell 411).Dobies story in Out of This Furnace took place during a crucial time in Americas history that, through the creation of a number of legal acts, allowed unions to establish themselves. The first of these, The National Industrial Recovery Act paved the way for psychological acceptance of the concept of union negotiations and bargaining. Dobie confirms this by mentioning that the act removed the fear of unionization that had previously been established by the company and gave the men the pledge to grapple for their rights.The American Federation of Labor (AFL) is also of significance in the novel. Through establishing the AFL in Braddock, Dobie was able to cement the concept of a group form to protect their rights and such groups inevitably allowed for mass strikes and movements. This was further enhanced by the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) which was formed to represent specific industries such as the Steel Workers Organizing Committee. Unlike the AFL, the CIO, explicitly represented unskilled workers and were able to run campaigns that yielded significant results.One example of this during this period in history was the rubber workers in Akron, Ohio who staged a strike on the job in 1936. 70 workers were initially sacked as a result of their actions but this led to a further strike of 1 400 workers. Unable to sustain operations the managing company, Goodyear, was forced to negotiate with the workers and changes to hours of work and payment terms were ultimately agreed. One of the most significant acts of this period was the Wagner Act that created the National Relations Board.This board provided the workers with the rights to select their own union representatives and therefore create a fair, unbiased representation for their rights. These legal Acts and the events they sparked allowed much onward motion for workers and, although the road to their acceptance and implementation was long and arduous, by the end of the 1930s 1/3 workers belonged to a union and were able to freely and fairly fight for fair pay and working conditions.Out of this Furnace is not simply a story of three generations of mill workers it is also a reflection of Americanization and the development of political rights for the immigrant workers in America. Within the novel, each generations deve lopment and success was related to the previous generations failures and learning. As time progresses the mill workers gain a better understanding of American culture and its politics and the domino effect of family generations.

Punishment vs Rehabilitation

The expectations that our inn has for the condemnable justness system is to punish and rehabilitate mortals who commit wickedness. punishment and refilling are as well as ii of the four admit objectives of the poisonous referee system, with intimidation and incapacitation being the others. In the United States, punishment has always been the primary goal to achieve when dealing with individuals who commit acts of crime. numerous theorists throughout history own argued which is much effective, punishment or rehabilitation.Deterrence is one of the primary goals in the criminal legal expert system and it is described as limited or special deterrence and general deterrence. The purpose of special/specific deterrence is to instill fear in the wrongdoer so that they will not commit hereafter crime. General deterrence is based on punishing offenders to instill fear in hunting lodge, otherwise known as t severallying society a lesson and wake the consequences of committ ing a crime. punishment has always been imposed based on the idea that it will deter individuals from committing crime or repeating criminal acts.Incapacitation has been the most reciprocal discrepancy of punishment however research demonstrates that recidivism amongst convicted felons following release from prison ho utilize is as high and that most prison inmates had arrest records and convictions preliminary to their current offense. Punishment through incarceration is a temporary fix to crime while the offender is confined. The maximum disapprobation of life in prison and the death penalization has even been debated on whether they are actually deterrence to crime.There are so some underlying factors at bottom the criminal justice system that whitethorn contribute to why punishment has not been as effective as anticipated such as the appeal process in death penalty cases and the length of time that an offender send packing sit on death row. replacement is the most valu able ideological justification for imprisonment, for it totally promotes the notion that offenders lav be saved and not simply punished. Retributive theory, on the other hand, sees punishment as an end in itself.This has no spot in whatever enlightened society. The rehabilitative ideal does not ignore society and the victim. In fact it is because retribution places such great value on the prisoners advanceds that it tries so hard to change the offender and prevent his reoffending. By seeking to make out reoffending and to curtail crime, it seeks constructively to promote the safety of the mankind, and to nurture individuals from the victimization of crime Others argue that rehabilitation is a more permanent fix in deterring crime.Rehabilitation through society supervising can boast a more lasting effect on individuals and deter them from committing future crime if they learn how to adapt in society by gaining academic or trade skills. These programs can help offenders f ind use and secure an important role in the community and give them a sense of being. Therapy is another form of rehabilitation undeniable to help deter individuals from committing future crime. Some examples of therapy include drug therapy to those offenders addicted to drugs and psychological counseling to those offenders who grew up in an abusive household.Rehabilitation is based on creating a change in the criminals attitude or resources so that crime is neither a desired nor a necessary activity. When an individual is sentenced to probation, it gives them the opportunity to breathe self-supporting within the community and not using the taxpayer or states money to house them in a correctional facility. Prisons should be places where elbow grease is not easy. unloosen should be a period of intense supervision as well as rehabilitative programming, i. e. , educational and vocational training, and counseling.The more defined approach for each phase of the sentence increases th e military capability of each and alike increases the likelihood of successful post prison rehabilitative efforts. By separating punishment from rehabilitation, the effectiveness of rehabilitation is intensify since punishment is contradictory to rehabilitative activities. In addition, a two-stage sentence system would include a more uniform sentencing structure and would reduce the issue of disaster which is inherent in the present release-granting process.With the expected functions of a prison limited to punishment and incapacitation, sentences for incarcerating felons can then be addressed within terms of deterrence values. Both punishment and rehabilitation are needed if the problem of crime is to be effectively addressed. However, it is not necessary that the prison rear both of these functions simultaneously. A more logical approach involves a two-stage sentence. The prison would provide the incarceration stage and punishment of criminals.After the punitive portion of t he sentence, the offender would serve a post-prison sentence of intense supervision which would provide the offender with therapeutic and remedial programs. This separation of the punitive and rehabilitative obligations would allow each separate of a sentence to be more effective, would make shorter punitive sentences more palatable to the public, and, simultaneously, would maximize the use of available cell space and resources. . Victim furbish up In more cases, victim rights tend to be overshadowed by the rights of the accused.The courts are obligated to give a defendant their Constitutional rights including the right to a bustling trial, the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and due process under the law. Up until recently, victims rights were never recognized as an important role in the criminal justice system. In the past, disregard throughout trial proceedings and sometimes even forced to stay out of the courtroom as the proceedings went on. These issues go for caused many victims to feel omit and even re-victimized by the courts.On October 30th, 2004, The Crime Victims Rights Act was signed into law by President Bush to guarantee rights to victims of federal crime. These rights include, to be reasonably saved from the accused offender and to receive reasonable and timely notice of any public proceeding involving the crime or of any public proceeding (De Luca 1991). The major(ip)ity of society, including victims of crime prefers swift punishment to rehabilitation through community supervision. Public opinion supports the increased use of prisons to give criminals just desserts.When a victim or the victims family feels that their offender does not receive the appropriate sentence, it causes emotional stress and also financial strain when restitution is not implemented. Community supervision can also benefit victims in certain ways. When an offender is sentenced to intense supervision through probation, they have the ability to pay restitution through employment. wrongdoer Impact Punishment through incarceration has many effects on convicted criminals. Incarceration has many effects on the offender psychological well-being.When an offender is disordered from their family, it causes severe depression. Supporters of rehabilitation versus punishment argue that sentencing offenders to incarceration hurt the family structure by contributing to single parenting. They also argue that punishment causes social disorientation, alienation, and also increases the risk of recidivism. When an offender is released from incarceration, they face social isolation, stigmatism, economic and employment challenges. Rehabilitation through community supervision eliminates many of these issues, such as the economic & employment factor.Probation allows offenders to remain with their families, come on working or find employment under close supervision. Social Impact upon Society The social impact of punishment and rehabilitation vari es from the increasing cost of correctional facilities to the disruption of families to the fear of criminals released into community. Societys view plays a major role in the criminal justice system. Societys beliefs in the just desserts theory has played a role in the courts. The push for mandatory sentencing has even entered political campaigns in response to the public. Getting tough on crime was the theme behind antithetic mandatory sentencing practices. The increase of correctional facilities is also related to societys impact on punishment versus rehabilitation. Fiscal Impact The fiscal impact that punishment has on our expanse is phenomenal. It has been reported that it costs an average of $30,000 per year to house, feed, clothe, and supervise a prisoner. This figure does not include the costs of construction and other factors. Many rehabilitation programs have been introduced to not only help deter crime, but also to reduce the rising cost of punishment.Privatization of c orrections has been also looked at as an effort to reduce the costs of punishment. Many states have also instituted alternatives to incarceration such as boot camps or shock camps. These programs are proven to be less dear(p) than incarceration. The cost of shock incarceration in New York State has been estimated to be $10,000 less per year per prisoner than the cost of traditional incarceration. The use of intensive parole programs has been estimated to save taxpayers an estimated ten to thirteen thousand dollars per year compared to the cost of incarceration (De Luca 1991).Conclusion Punishment and rehabilitation are a major part of the criminal justice system and will be effective in controlling crime if there is a way to incorporate the two factors to work together. laboured and following up with rehabilitation through community supervision can be the source of helping deter crime. Punishment and community supervision should be based on the type of crime. If the appropriate se ntence is issued upon an offender, it can help deter them from future criminal activity.Punishment vs RehabilitationThe expectations that our society has for the criminal justice system is to punish and rehabilitate individuals who commit crime. Punishment and rehabilitation are also two of the four acknowledged objectives of the criminal justice system, with deterrence and incapacitation being the others. In the United States, punishment has always been the primary goal to achieve when dealing with individuals who commit acts of crime. Many theorists throughout history have argued which is more effective, punishment or rehabilitation.Deterrence is one of the primary goals in the criminal justice system and it is described as special or specific deterrence and general deterrence. The purpose of special/specific deterrence is to instill fear in the offender so that they will not commit future crime. General deterrence is based on punishing offenders to instill fear in society, otherw ise known as teaching society a lesson and showing the consequences of committing a crime. Punishment has always been imposed based on the idea that it will deter individuals from committing crime or repeating criminal acts.Incapacitation has been the most common form of punishment however research demonstrates that recidivism amongst convicted felons following release from prison is as high and that most prison inmates had arrest records and convictions prior to their current offense. Punishment through incarceration is a temporary fix to crime while the offender is confined. The maximum sentence of life in prison and the death penalty has even been debated on whether they are actually deterrence to crime.There are so many underlying factors within the criminal justice system that may contribute to why punishment has not been as effective as anticipated such as the appeal process in death penalty cases and the length of time that an offender can sit on death row. Rehabilitation is the most valuable ideological justification for imprisonment, for it alone promotes the notion that offenders can be saved and not simply punished. Retributive theory, on the other hand, sees punishment as an end in itself.This has no place in any enlightened society. The rehabilitative ideal does not ignore society and the victim. In fact it is because retribution places such great value on the prisoners rights that it tries so hard to change the offender and prevent his reoffending. By seeking to reduce reoffending and to reduce crime, it seeks constructively to promote the safety of the public, and to protect individuals from the victimization of crime Others argue that rehabilitation is a more permanent fix in deterring crime.Rehabilitation through community supervision can have a more lasting effect on individuals and deter them from committing future crime if they learn how to adapt in society by gaining academic or trade skills. These programs can help offenders find employme nt and secure an important role in the community and give them a sense of being. Therapy is another form of rehabilitation needed to help deter individuals from committing future crime. Some examples of therapy include drug therapy to those offenders addicted to drugs and psychological counseling to those offenders who grew up in an abusive household.Rehabilitation is based on creating a change in the criminals attitude or resources so that crime is neither a desired nor a necessary activity. When an individual is sentenced to probation, it gives them the opportunity to remain self-supporting within the community and not using the taxpayer or states money to house them in a correctional facility. Prisons should be places where confinement is not easy. Parole should be a period of intense supervision as well as rehabilitative programming, i. e. , educational and vocational training, and counseling.The more defined approach for each phase of the sentence increases the effectiveness of each and also increases the likelihood of successful post prison rehabilitative efforts. By separating punishment from rehabilitation, the effectiveness of rehabilitation is enhanced since punishment is contradictory to rehabilitative activities. In addition, a two-stage sentence system would include a more uniform sentencing structure and would reduce the issue of chance which is inherent in the present parole-granting process.With the expected functions of a prison limited to punishment and incapacitation, sentences for incarcerating felons can then be addressed within terms of deterrence values. Both punishment and rehabilitation are needed if the problem of crime is to be effectively addressed. However, it is not necessary that the prison provide both of these functions simultaneously. A more logical approach involves a two-stage sentence. The prison would provide the incarceration stage and punishment of criminals.After the punitive portion of the sentence, the offender would serve a post-prison sentence of intense supervision which would provide the offender with therapeutic and remedial programs. This separation of the punitive and rehabilitative obligations would allow each segment of a sentence to be more effective, would make shorter punitive sentences more palatable to the public, and, simultaneously, would maximize the use of available cell space and resources. . Victim Impact In many cases, victim rights tend to be overshadowed by the rights of the accused.The courts are obligated to give a defendant their Constitutional rights including the right to a speedy trial, the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and due process under the law. Up until recently, victims rights were never recognized as an important role in the criminal justice system. In the past, ignored throughout trial proceedings and sometimes even forced to stay out of the courtroom as the proceedings went on. These issues have caused many victims to feel neglected and even re-victimized by the courts.On October 30th, 2004, The Crime Victims Rights Act was signed into law by President Bush to guarantee rights to victims of federal crime. These rights include, to be reasonably protected from the accused offender and to receive reasonable and timely notice of any public proceeding involving the crime or of any public proceeding (De Luca 1991). The absolute majority of society, including victims of crime prefers swift punishment to rehabilitation through community supervision. Public opinion supports the increased use of prisons to give criminals just desserts.When a victim or the victims family feels that their offender does not receive the appropriate sentence, it causes emotional stress and also financial strain when restitution is not implemented. Community supervision can also benefit victims in certain ways. When an offender is sentenced to intense supervision through probation, they have the ability to pay restitution through employment. Off ender Impact Punishment through incarceration has many effects on convicted criminals. Incarceration has many effects on the offender psychological well-being.When an offender is separated from their family, it causes severe depression. Supporters of rehabilitation versus punishment argue that sentencing offenders to incarceration hurt the family structure by contributing to single parenting. They also argue that punishment causes social disorientation, alienation, and also increases the risk of recidivism. When an offender is released from incarceration, they face social isolation, stigmatism, economic and employment challenges. Rehabilitation through community supervision eliminates many of these issues, such as the economic & employment factor.Probation allows offenders to remain with their families, continue working or find employment under close supervision. Social Impact upon Society The social impact of punishment and rehabilitation varies from the increasing costs of correct ional facilities to the disruption of families to the fear of criminals released into community. Societys view plays a major role in the criminal justice system. Societys beliefs in the just desserts theory has played a role in the courts. The push for mandatory sentencing has even entered political campaigns in response to the public. Getting tough on crime was the basis behind different mandatory sentencing practices. The increase of correctional facilities is also related to societys impact on punishment versus rehabilitation. Fiscal Impact The fiscal impact that punishment has on our country is phenomenal. It has been reported that it costs an average of $30,000 per year to house, feed, clothe, and supervise a prisoner. This figure does not include the costs of construction and other factors. Many rehabilitation programs have been introduced to not only help deter crime, but also to reduce the rising cost of punishment.Privatization of corrections has been also looked at as an e ffort to reduce the costs of punishment. Many states have also instituted alternatives to incarceration such as boot camps or shock camps. These programs are proven to be less costly than incarceration. The cost of shock incarceration in New York State has been estimated to be $10,000 less per year per prisoner than the cost of traditional incarceration. The use of intensive parole programs has been estimated to save taxpayers an estimated ten to thirteen thousand dollars per year compared to the cost of incarceration (De Luca 1991).Conclusion Punishment and rehabilitation are a major part of the criminal justice system and will be effective in controlling crime if there is a way to incorporate the two factors to work together. Punishing and following up with rehabilitation through community supervision can be the source of helping deter crime. Punishment and community supervision should be based on the type of crime. If the appropriate sentence is issued upon an offender, it can he lp deter them from future criminal activity.

Ethical Dilemma Essay

What Dr. Schneider is doing by putting crowns on teeth that could be treated with 2 surface amalgams is unethical. It is obvious that she is doing this to increase revenues during a downturn in her financial condition related to her divorce. Two surface amalgams have a long memorial for use for fillings for decayed areas of teeth and for general repairs of chipped or cracked teeth. Although its use is declining in the U. S. it remains the first choice for posterior direct restorations.(1) Other hold fast techniques are now being employed by dentists in lieu of two surface amalgams that are gaining in popularity for esthetic reasons and because they use no noxious metals such as mercury. To crown a tooth requires a dentist to grind away all of the enamel of the tooth so a crown can be put on the remaining dentine layer of the tooth. This procedure is six to seven times more expensive than two surface amalgams or new(prenominal) bonding techniques to repair teeth. A general rule i n dentistry is that you preserve as much enamel on a tooth as possible. So Dr.Schneider is not only performing a procedure that is unnecessary and expensive but is detrimental to the patient because a tooths enamel is being destruct needlessly. Sharon should discuss this with Dr. Schneider and tell her that this improper, unethical and not in the best interests of the patient. If Dr. Schneider persists in this unethical practice then Sharon should threaten to resign and report Dr. Schneider to the American dental Association and appropriate state licensing agents.(1) http//www. bethesda. med. navy. mil/careers/postgraduate_dental_school/comprehensive_dentistry/Pearls/Pearlsc6. htm

Business Model Canvas Critical Reflection

Critical Reflection Paper Business Model Canvas Ing. Maria Paula Helo Intercultural Management and International Negotiation Professor Ricardo Altimira Madrid, Spain kinfolk 20th 2012 A business model (BM) describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers and captures value. Considering a BM is part of an organizations strategy, the previous statement invites to the importance of having a model that is accurate and precise, yet easy to follow and develop.In other words, a model that uses a common language that works for every fibre of companion regardless of its sector, antiquity or nature (public or private). This is precisely the objective of the Business Model Canvas (BMC). apply the main pillars upon which a smart set is based, this tool helps to organize and follow your individual/group thoughts as entrepreneurs, giving room for feedback and improvement in order to guarantee a success/innovation.Using principles of the BMC, this reflection ordain relate it s application to my career/professional goals, and also for the ETPs. As an engineer, Ive worked in consulting for medium size and large companies nonetheless, my goal is to start a consulting company in Colombia. What better room to ideate it, than with a model that has proved to be successful for companies like Ericsson, Deloitte, McKinsey, etc.?. It is important to gather a group of partners with diverse perspectives to brainstorm using the canvas, and develop business model prototypes.This DT exercise along with a model that clearly defines the building blocks that the company should conceive, will allow me to set a solid foundation for my project. This is important, for there are multiple engineering-consulting firms, making the innovation process mandatory to add value to the company and be successful. I believe ETPs should be conceived as companies that need to apply a BM in general particularly, the BMC is a straightforward way for it. It has been successful for public enti ties and projects like the Public Works and Government Services of Canada.Tom Graves proposes to modify the labels that the model defines, not only directing it to a fiscal success but adding different value, depending on the purpose of the ETP to reach its goals, attract stakeholders and generate sustainable projects and sectors. To conclude, I believe the BMC clearly condenses the principles of BMs and strategy. By adapting it to an appropriate environment depending on the type of organization, its possible to apply it to entrepreneur projects like a consulting company or a technology computer program for an entire country. - 1 . OSTERWALDER. Alexander, PIGNEUR. Yves. Business model generation. 2009. 2 . OSTERWALDER, Alexander. Business Model Innovation Matters. Extracted from http//www. slideshare. net/Alex. Osterwalder/business-model-innovation-matter. Consulted 20/09/2012 3 . DT Design Thinking 4 . Graves, Tom. Using Business Model Canvas for non profits. Tetradian (Blog) . 2011. Extracted from http//weblog. tetradian. com/2011/07/16/bmcanvas-for-nonprofits/. Consulted 20/09/2012.

Intercultural Relations Essay

Question There is no need to study intercultural relation. Discuss Communication occurs between individuals who take a shit varying degree of intimacy within each other. Intercultural traffic capability is the degree to which people effectively adapt his/her nonverbal and verbal messages to the appropriate cultural context (Kiss 2008). Intercultural relations can be interpreted place when individuals influenced by different cultural societies exchange shared meanings in colloquy.Yet, intercultural relations can be formed of different nationalities, different ethnic and flat different religion, as well as parley among individuals of different sexual orientation. However, communicating and exchanging values within different culture of individuals is complex as communication process is apparently complicated involving cognitive process, cultural background, individuals linguistic capability and even biological process. Stienfatt and Roger 1999, claims that one of the most illumin ating aspects of intercultural communication is that it opens our minds to the interplay of varied influenced.The world these days is facing bulky challenges of an increasingly diverse in cultures. Interaction and exchanging values between individuals from different cultures can lead to a whole host of benefits, for instance establishing good relationships within society and healthier communities. Yet, culture allows individuals to connect in small communities to larger communities through exchanged experiences and values (Lull 1995). Intercultural relations assist students step back from their feature film point of view of seeing the world and demonstrates the influences that have constructed the ways of viewing this world.Cited in Stienfatt and Roger 1999, Gitlin 1995 indicated the concept of people thinking that human think within the intellectual and cultural currents that surround them. Back into the last decade, impingement colonialization and warfare brought individuals am ong countries with divergent cultures into face-to-face contact. An improvement of technologies in communication and rapidly evolving the transportation has changed the way individuals move and communicate with each other in terms of intercultural relations and communication.However, people from different cultures are normally representative of divergent norms and psychological elements. The crusade explored that communication through various cultures occurred among individuals by human nature. capital of Israel is one of great examples cities in Middle East where people in different cultures and religions Muslims Christian and Jews live together in relative peacefulness and harmoniousness. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Jerusalem indicated that communication effectiveness among divergent cultures and religions are not relying on the study of intercultural relations.Nevertheless, cited in Yinyan 2013, Y. Y. Kim (1988) argued that person who wishes to accomplish an effective intercultural fundamental interaction in terms of intercultural relations must be equipped with skills and abilities to be capable and deal with dynamics of cultural diversity. Yet, cite in Sydney morning herald article, Munro (2009) had explored the experiences of an Australian diplomat who worked in capital of Indonesia decided to resign from her workplace due to the strict rules of international diplomacy.The purpose of this essay is demonstrated the indispensableness of intercultural relations for human being and discuss the terms of intercultural. People are socialized in their protest culture and also different in cultures are different norms. An effectiveness communication in intercultural relations can occur by human being in every generation as indicated in our predecessors in Crusades which is people should be culturally sensitive.

Capstone Case Study †Arthur Andersen LLP Essay

1. Discuss the environmental, strategic and organizational changes that occurred over the life of Andersen in the scope of figure 11.1. mend Andersen started off as a stable environment, once changes started being made to the main management of the keep go with many changes were expedited. While still successful in its auditing business, an new(prenominal)(prenominal) opportunities arose that wholeowed for quicker and more alive(p) revenue growth. This strategic shift from auditing only to offering a number of other services (automated bookkeeping, reading technologies, consulting, corporate staffing) eventually led to a rift within the club, the separation of trading operations into both companies to a lower place 1 umbrella, and the eventually severance of those two companies into two wholly separate corporate entities.Once the two companies (Andersen Consulting and Arthur Anderson) founder, Arthur Andersen, which was originally the auditing only arm, but had dipped back into the consulting business even though it should not develop per its agreement with AC, went full force into offering the full range of services. In the quest for the biggest trade and to drive non-audit revenue, managers were compensated based on sales targets instead of performance or quality of crap. This inadequacy of quality control and change in the focus of the business was the beginning of the downward projection of AA. The particular that there were changes in all three areas, environmental, strategic and organizational, made it difficult for there to be askew control at AA and almost made it acceptable to make obscure decisions as long as the clients got what they wanted and revenues continued to come in.2. Evaluate Andersens claim that their problems on the Enron audit were due to a few bad partners in the organization. If you agree with this claim, discuss what you gestate were the root causes of the problem.It was AAs decision to exact 40 auditors from Enron, then augmented by 150 oftheir own staff, and place them within Enron as its in house accounting staff. Since the staff was on site at Enron, attended Enron meetings, and made decisions in the best interest of Enron and not with the topic of doing quality work, it is hard to put stock in AAs claim that it was only a few bad partners. Also, AA made the decision to break up its own Professional Standards Group and re-locate sections of that class to local offices. Once that happen though, their magnate was usurped and held no water. If they questi oned decisions, they were removed. It is up to the company to make decisions that not only help generate business, but protect the company and its employees from any questionable situations or circumstances where unethical scenarios might play out.3. Suppose you were Andersens managing partner in the early 1990s. Would you commence done anything differently than the actual management (assuming you knew only what they did at the ti me)?thither are a couple of things that I could have done had I been the managing partner for Andersen in the 1990s. I think the separation of the consulting business and the accounting business into two companies was actually a good move. The circumstance that AA eventually started to offer and go after non-auditing services business with clients was where a mistake was made in my opinion. If I were a partner at AA I would have strictly enforced the agreement that we would be sticking with auditing business only.While offering a lower margin than the consulting business, it was a solid alkali and allowed more oversight, tight controls and decreased the a wish(p)lihood that questionable decisions would be made. I in addition would have unbroken the Professional Standards Group in tact to oversee and review all aspects of the operation. Splitting up the group and assigning individual members to local offices basically neutered their power and allowed for those looking to manipula te the system to do so.4. Discuss the similitude between what happened at Andersen and multitask principal agent theory.With the Multi-Task Agent Theory, certain tasks are rewarded and other tasksare not, and because of this the non-rewarded tasks suffer from neglect of a decrease in quality. The first time this was an issue is was forrader the split into two companies, where those driving the consulting and IT business were unhappy with the fact that the auditing side had so much power over the company even though it was not the segment driving the revenue.After the eventual split into AC and AA under one umbrella, and then the total split into two separate mountains, with Andersen bringing in business other than auditing was rewarded more than auditing business, to the point that it was expect that managing partners brought in twice as much consulting and other business as it did auditing business, otherwise face penalties or even termination. In all three stages of the company s history the inequality between the consulting business and the auditing business led to there being a de-emphasis on the auditing segment of the business (both in quality and as a driver of revenue).5. Discuss the relation between the hard and soft elements of a firms corporate culture in the context of this case.In the case of Andersen, it almost seems as if the changes in the soft elements of corporate culture were both this instant related to or a side effect of change in the hard aspects of the corporate culture.As stated in the case study, during the majority of the companys existence, tradition was everywhere. From soft elements like the physical design of offices and the way partners dressed and looked to hard elements like the quality control exerted over all aspects of the business, there were standard all across the board.As changes started to happen in the hard culture, like the focus being on driving revenue as opposed to putting out quality work, changes were also s een in the soft aspects of the culture. Managing partners did not dress as sharp, the giants wooden doors of the offices (that seemed to be a metaphor for the strong, stout operation of the company) were removed, and a new corporate logo was introduced.6. Do you think that the problems at Andersen were unique to them or did they exist at the other big accounting firms? Suppose you were the top partner at one of the other major accounting firms at that time of Andersens demise. What action, if any, would you take in response? Explain.As shown when Andersen themselves called into question the practices of one of its competitors (calling for an investigation), these issues at Andersen are not unique to their company (though it may not happen on as grand of a scale). If I was the top partner at one of the other major accounting firms at the time of Andersens demise, I would have immediately either called for an internal investigation of my firms practices or volunteered to have my com panys practices reviewed by the irregular or another appropriate authority.I would be open with what was found, make any necessary changes to organizational structure or practices, and move forward. I think this would be important because at the time of Andersens demise, it is likely the credibility of ALL accounting firms was hurt, and I would want there is to be proof that our company was doing things the dependable way.7. In 2000, the SEC proposed new regulations that would limit consulting work by accounting firms. This marriage proposal was not passed by congress. Do you think the legislators were trying to act in the public interest when they failed to pass this proposal? Explain.Legislators were not acting in the publics best interests they were bowing to pressure from the auditing industry lobbyists. Steve Samek, who spearheaded operations that already lead lawsuits, payouts, bankruptcies and fines, led the charge to oppose the proposal. At that point it should have been obvious that the right call was passing the proposal. The fact that different legislation related to the oversight of accounting firms was eventually passed later(prenominal) on in 2002 (the SOA) shows that oversight was necessary, but just needed a spectacular failure like Andersen/Enron to allow legislators to feel comfortable in taking a stand.8. The American Institute of CPAs is the primary professional person association for CPAs. It has developed a Code of Professional Conduct that sets thestandards of conduct for CPAs. People can tear complaints about the ethical conduct of a CPA with the AICPA, which can levy sanctions and other penalties against its members. Do you think that the unethical conduct at Andersen (and possibly other accounting firms) was the chemise of the AICPA for not setting and enforcing high ethical standard among its members? Explain.While I think the AICPA has a place in setting standards and ethical motive in the industry, and has the right to levy sanctions and penalties against its members (based on complaints that are filed), they are not a restrictive agency and their reach only extends so far. In reality, being a member organization, if a corporation does not want to deal with or answer to the AICPA, they and choose not to be a member.It may hurt their reputation, but in the long run the work they do and the clients they have will have a much greater effect of their business than whether or not they are a member of the AICPA. While it is nice to have organizations like the AICPA and the SEC overlooking the practices of corporations in the industry, it is hard to transfer fault for the unethical behavior of a company away from the company that behaved that was to some member organization or regulatory agency. It is the organization or agencys place to set guidelines and respond when corporations do not follow them.9. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 established a new five-person board to oversee financial accounting in publ icly traded corporations. The board is appointed by the SEC. Prior to the creation of this board the industry relied primarily on self-regulation through the AICPA. Do you think the establishment of the new oversight board was a good idea or should he profession have continued to be self-regulated?I think in practice, a combination of both works. The industry need to show that it is interested itself in keeping its practices on the level and being transparent. But at the end of the day, you will always find someone who likes to work outside the system. In these cases having the SEC oversight board is a critical tool to keep companies in line that may think they can work the system. Also, having SEC oversight can result in muchstiffer penalties for the organization, so it carries and extra layer of deterrent for companies who may think about making questionable decisions. Andersen themselves, in the form of managing partner Leonard Spacek, saw the power of SEC intervention early on ( 1947).