Comparison And Contrast Of Perpetua And Lucretia - 1187 Words

Comparison and Contrast of Perpetua and Lucretia By comparing the following primary sources, â€Å"The Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas† and â€Å"The Rape of Lucretia,† historians can learn about the archetypes of Roman society. The former text, written in 202 or 203 CE, is a prison diary of a young martyr in Carthage. The protagonist, Perpetua, is arrested and sentenced to death because she refused to renounce her Christian faith. Despite having a newborn and hearing consistent outcry from her father to renounce her faith, Perpetua refused to absolve from Christianity. Prior to her execution, she and her comrades experience visions of entering Heaven and specifics of how their deaths would be bestowed upon them. These visions provided comfort to the prisoners because they legitimized the belief in God, as well as sanctioned the power of God to perform miracles. As God willed it, Perpetua, the â€Å"most valiant and blessed martyrs†, was ultimately executed i n the arena. The latter text, written in 17 AD by Roman historian, Livy, is a story of propaganda about the rape of a honorable woman named Lucretia. Lucretia, Tarquinius Conlatinus’s wife, was the quintessential example of a Roman martyr. She was applauded for her modest, hospitable, and dutiful nature. Tragically, she was forcibly raped by the emperor’s son, Sextus Tarquinius. Consequently, Brutus, Tarquinius, and Lucretia’s father, did not object while witnessing Lucretia commit suicide in order to preserve her and her family’s

Employee Motivation in the Workplace Essay - 871 Words

Employee motivation in the workplace The job of a manager in the workplace is to get things done through employees. To do this the manager should be able to motivate employees. But thats easier said than done! Motivation practice and theory are difficult subjects, touching on several disciplines. In spite of enormous research, basic as well as applied, the subject of motivation is not clearly understood and more often than not poorly practiced. To understand motivation one must understand human nature itself. And there lies the problem! Human nature can be very simple, yet very complex too. An understanding and appreciation of this is a prerequisite to effective employee motivation in the workplace and therefore effective management†¦show more content†¦Are they born with the self-motivation or drive? Yes and no. If no, they can be motivated, for motivation is a skill which can and must be learnt. This is essential for any business to survive and succeed. Performance is considered to be a function of ability and motivation, thus: • Job performance =f(ability)(motivation) Ability in turn depends on education, experience and training and its improvement is a slow and long process. On the other hand motivation can be improved quickly. There are many options and an uninitiated manager may not even know where to start. As a guideline, there are broadly seven strategies for motivation. • Positive reinforcement / high expectations • Effective discipline and punishment • Treating people fairly • Satisfying employees needs • Setting work related goals • Restructuring jobs • Base rewards on job performance These are the basic strategies, though the mix in the final recipe will vary from workplace situation to situation. Essentially, there is a gap between an individuals actual state and some desired state and the manager tries to reduce this gap. Motivation is, in effect, a means to reduce and manipulate this gap. It is inducing others in a specific way towards goals specifically stated by the motivator. Naturally, these goals as also the motivation system must conform to the corporate policy ofShow MoreRelatedEmployee Motivation in the Workplace1413 Words   |  6 Pageswell and product and or quality is of the same caliber. The key to an employee performance is motivation. The expression, you can lead a horse to water but you cannot force it to drink water, can be seen within the human race. The purpose of this paper is to discuss motivation in the workplace. To have a successful company, employee must be motivated enough to work and get the job done. One way have success in the workplace is to define the morale and motivate employees. The human resource departmentRead MoreEmployee Motivation in the Workplace1504 Words   |  6 Pagesarticles by John Honore (2009), James Lindner (1998), and an article by Fred Herrera (2002). All three articles discussed the topic of employee motivation in the workplace. The authors examined several motivational theories and put forward their ideas on the concepts and application of motivational techniques. The authors’ work provides insight into the psychology of motivation and the different factors and theories that affect it. My conclusion is in line with the authors’, motivated employees are neededRead MoreCorrelation Between Employee Attitude And Workplace Motivation1840 Words   |  8 PagesPsychologist Fredrick Herzberg developed the Two-Factor theory in 1959 to determine the correlation between employee attitude and workplace motivation. Herzberg challenged the assumptions of his time, which suggested that workers were motivated by money and other tangible benefits. He sought to research what factors made workers feel satisfied and which made them feel dissatisfied in the workplace. He conducted a survey that included over 200 engineers and accountants from various companies in existenceRead MoreThe Effect Of Motivation On The Workplace759 Words   |  4 PagesThe topic in the workplace that I have chosen to discuss is that of motivation in the workplace. Problems of motivation can cause performance issues, which cost businesses thousands of dollars each year (Nordmeyer). Low motivation delays employees from completing their work and causes many mistakes made within the workplace (Nordmeyer). The definition of motivation is the processes that account for an individual’s intensi ty, direction, as well as persistence of effort, towards attaining a goal (RobbinsRead MoreThe Relationship Between Motivation And Performance Of Workers Essay1320 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract Motivation derived from Latin word† Movere†, it is the drive which motivates to perform better. There is a link between motivation and performance. 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Tutorial Questions Free Essays

string(415) " relevant statutory provisions and case law principles This involves asking: \(a\) does a statutory provision apply to this situation and does it provide a specific answer to the problem\? AND \(b\) are there any cases which have dealt with a similar fact situation to the one you are considering\? You should provide the name/section of any relevant legislation and the names of any relevant cases in your answer\." Australian School of Business Taxation and Business Law LEGT 1710 Tutorial Program LEGT 1710 BUSINESS AND THE LAW TUTORIAL PROGRAM SEMESTER 1, 2013  © 2013 The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia The original material prepared for this guide is copyright. Apart from fair dealing for the purpos es of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Enquiries should be addressed to the Head of School, Taxation and Business Law, UNSW, Sydney TUTORIAL PROGRAM FOR LEGT 1710 BUSINESS AND THE LAW Week 1 11 March Introduction: The Role of Law in Business Statutory Interpretation Legal Reasoning Introduction to Contract Law †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Week starting Lecture topics Topic information NO TUTORIALS What is law? / Sources of law The Australian Constitution and the separation of powers The Parliament, the Executive and the Judiciary Statutory interpretation Judicial decision making Legal problem solving and conducting legal research Readings Latimer Ch 1 2 Latimer Ch 1 3 18 March 4 5 March †¢ Nature and role of contract law †¢ Requirements for a valid contract ASSIGNMENT 1 DUE WEEK 4 (Hand in to tutor in tutorials) MID-SEMESTER BREAK (1 to 7 April 2013) †¢ Terms of a contract †¢ Conditions and Warranties Exclusion clauses †¢ Vitiating elements: mistake, misrepresentation, illegality, inequality Breach of contract/termination of contract Remedies for breach of contract Gen eral principles Negligence and duty of care Statutory modification through the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) Latimer Ch 5  ¶5-010- ¶5-485 5 8 April We will write a custom essay sample on Tutorial Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/socratic-seminar-questions-tkam/"Socratic Seminar Questions Contract Law (cont’d) Contract Law (cont’d) Contract Law (cont’d) Introduction to Tort Law Tort Law (cont’d): Professional Negligence and Economic Loss Latimer Ch 6  ¶6-010- ¶6-250 6 7 15 April 22 April Latimer Ch 5  ¶5-620- ¶5-835;  ¶5-510 to  ¶5-570;  ¶6-260- ¶6-275 and Ch 11 Latimer Ch 6  ¶6-280- ¶6-510 Latimer Ch 4  ¶4-010- ¶4-120 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 8 29 April 9 6 May †¢ Standard of care for professionals †¢ Recovery for economic loss MAJOR ASSIGNMENT DUE Submit Online via Turnitin on Monday 6 May by 5pm †¢ What is property? Ownership of land Intellectual property †¢ †¢ Latimer Ch 4  ¶4-121- ¶4-291 Latimer Ch 3 10 13 May Property Law 11 20 May Competition/ Restrictive Trade Practices Law Applying competitive strategies to business: †¢ Part IV of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) †¢ Authorising anti-competitive activity †¢ Enforcement powers of the ACCC †¢ Remedies and defences available under the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) †¢ †¢ †¢ Misleading or deceptive conduct Unconscionable conduct Misrepresentations under the Australian Consumer Law (Sch 2, Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth)) Business structures Risk Management Compliance Due Diligence Latimer Ch 8 and see also www. accc. gov. au 12 27 May Consumer Protection Law Latimer Ch 7 and see also www. accc. gov. au (a) 13 3 June (b) Business Structures Risk, compliance and due diligence †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Latimer Ch 9 Supplementary materials S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 2 TUTORIAL CONSULTATIONS Students should note that tutors will hold face-to-face tutorial consultations in the following weeks: Week 3 commencing 18 March Week 7 commencing 22 April Week 8 commencing 29 April Week 12 commencing 27 May Week 13 commencing 3 June Tutors will let their students know the time and location of their tutorial consultations in the week prior to a tutorial consultation week. Students will also be provided with their tutor’s email address so that if a student has any tutorial-related queries outside of the above weeks, they should contact their tutor with their query by email. Short and straight-forward queries will be responded to by email. A tutor may suggest a student attend at one of the above consultation times if a query requires a detailed response/explanation. However, as far as possible, students should raise all queries with their tutor during their tutorial class. S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 3 ANSWERING TUTORIAL AND EXAM PROBLEM QUESTIONS The problem questions that you are asked to prepare answers to in tutorials are similar in format to the problems that you will be given for Assignment 2 and in the final exam. It is therefore important that you attempt the tutorial questions so that you have sufficient practice in answering legal problems to do well in Assignment 2 and in the final exam. The course is designed to give students skills in recognising the interaction of a range of commercial laws and how they impact on business activity. Merely addressing a single issue in your answer is unlikely to be sufficient and will attract a poor mark. The commercial world rarely presents problems that only raise one issue. How to answer exam and tutorial questions When answering exam and tutorial questions you should: 1. READ THE QUESTION CAREFULLY 2. Be sure you understand what is asked. . Then: O Identify relevant facts of the problem Unlike judges, when you answer a problem or case study you do not need to summarise the facts of a problem. What you should do is identify the key facts that are relevant to the issues in the problem you are considering. O Identify key, relevant statutory provisions and case law principles This involves asking: (a) does a statutory provision apply to this situation and does it provide a specific answer to the problem? AND (b) are there any cases which have dealt with a similar fact situation to the one you are considering? You should provide the name/section of any relevant legislation and the names of any relevant cases in your answer. O Note similarities to (follow) or differences from (distinguish) prior cases When reading a problem it is a good idea to jot down the names of cases that you have studied, where the facts were similar, if not identical to the ones in the problem you are considering. Often the facts of a problem may be similar to but a little different to those in a decided case. Think about whether any factual differences matter. Whether or not any differences matter will depend on the scope of the legal S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 4 principle that the relevant case stands for. differences matter to your problem. It is important to note any factual differences from previous cases and to state whether or not you consider that the O Apply the relevant statutory provisions and case law principles to the facts This is probably the key aspect of answering a legal problem question. After identifying the relevant facts, and referring to the relevant statutory provisions and case law, you then have to apply the relevant statutory and/or case law principles to the facts of your problem. This important step comes after you have identified the key facts and the key legal principles from relevant statutes/case law and noted their interpretation, and before you draw a conclusion. This step involves saying what the legal principles you have identified mean to the facts of your problem and what the effect of these legal principles will be on the rights and obligations of the parties in your problem. This is the key part of the process of reasoning that leads to a conclusion both in a legal problem question and in an actual court case. O Reach a conclusion based on the application of the statutory provisions and case law principles to the facts In your answers you will generally need to reach a definite conclusion. More important than the conclusion you reach however, is the process of reasoning that led you to that conclusion. The fact that a subsequent court can overrule the decision of a previous court demonstrates that there is no absolutely correct answer to legal problem questions. You will receive more marks for your process of reasoning than you w for ill getting what is considered at the time to be the ‘correct’ answer. Remember: in your discussion/answer, you must include references to relevant statutory provisions (legislation name and, where possible, section numbers) and case names. . What NOT to do: When answering questions, either for a tutorial or for the assignment or in an exam, DO NOT: †¢ †¢ †¢ restate the facts of a question; copy your notes, the text etc without explaining their relevance; make emotional statements; S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 5 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ provide non-legal material (instead make sure you include t he â€Å"relevant† law); address issues that are not raised in the question asked; provide a conclusion which is not supported by legal argument; forget to provide references where required (in other words, do not plagiarize) . Review Your Answers Once you have written your answer, you should review it carefully. Appropriate expression, tone and formatting are important to legal writing. Use plain English and not slang or text language. Prior to printing out your assignment for the last time, read it carefully, and then read it out aloud to ensure it flows and makes sense. A proper review includes careful checking of the: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ spelling, grammar formatting; argument flow; bibliography; and footnotes. S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 6 NOTE: THERE ARE NO TUTORIALS IN WEEK 1 Week 2 11 March Introduction: The Role of Law in Business (Lecture 1) Key learning outcomes from Lecture 1: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The legal effect of English settlement in 1788 How laws are classified The different meanings of the terms â€Å"common law† and â€Å"civil law† What happens if there is a conflict between common law and statute law What is a ‘federal† system of government and how this operates in Australia The doctrine of â€Å"separation of powers† and division of power under the Commonwealth Constitution How a law is made through the Australian Parliament Tutorial Questions 1. Australia was originally governed from London. Can the British Parliament still pass laws that apply to Australia? 2. Briefly explain the distinction between â€Å"enacted† and â€Å"unenacted† law. 3. What does the term â€Å"common law† mean? 4. If there is a conflict between common law and statute law which law prevails? 5. Explain the doctrine of separation of powers. 6. What are the key steps involved in making a law? S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 7 Week 3 18 March (Tutor Consultation Week) Legal Reasoning and Statutory Interpretation (Lecture 2) Key learning outcomes from Lecture 2: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The court system in Australia and what an appellate court is Ways of resolving disputes outside of the court system (ie alternate dispute resolution) What the doctrine of precedent is How courts interpret laws or statutes How to solve legal problems An introduction to legal research Assignment 1 Assignment 1 is based on the weeks 1 and 2 lectures. There are 2 questions: Question 1 worth 10 marks and Question 2 worth 5 marks (total 15 marks). Students will need to do some research (using the textbook, lecture notes or other books or materials you might wish to refer to) to find the answers to these questions. Word limit: maximum of 1000 words. The aim of this assignment is to assess students on the materials covered in topics 1 and 2, to get students to use the textbook and lecture notes and to provide students with the opportunity of practising their writing skills. STUDENTS ARE NOT REQUIRED TO PROVIDE REFERENCES OR A BIBLIOGRAPGY FOR THIS ASSIGNMENT. Assignment 1 is due in week 4 (to be handed to your tutor in your tutorial). Tutorial Problem Questions Problem 1: Statutory interpretation You are trying to work out if ‘scissors’ are a ‘weapon’ with the meaning of the Weapons Act 1990 (Qld). That Act states: ‘Weapon means: (a) a firearm; or (b) another thing prescribed under regulation. ’ Scissors are not a firearm. You check the regulations and find that scissors are not listed. S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 8 However, the principles and object section deals with ensuring public and individual safety through restricting possession of weapons and requiring safe and secure storage of weapons to prevent their misuse. How can you be sure that scissors will not be considered as a ‘weapon’ within the meaning of the legislation? Problem 2: Parts of a case and how to read a case The case: FISCHER v STUART – (1979) 25 ALR 336 SUPREME COURT OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORY Forster CJ 25, 26 June 1979, 25 July 1979 Darwin Animals — Liability for — Ferae naturae — Dingo — Canis familiaris dingo — Whether ferae naturae or mansuetae naturae — Onus of proof — Damages for personal injury The plaintiff was attacked and injured by a young dingo bitch kept by the defendant. The animal had escaped from the collar and chain securing it and had attacked the plaintiff on open land near the defendant’s premises, which were unfenced. The dingo, canis familiaris dingo, is a sub-species of the species dog, canis familiaris. Held: (i) the onus of proving that wild animals of a particular class are not dangerous to man rests upon the party asserting that they are not. (ii) The evidence established that dingo is an animal ferae naturae. (iii) The plaintiff would be awarded $5000 general damages and $110. 4 special damages. Action: This was an action for damages for personal injury suffered by the plaintiff when she was attacked by a dingo kept by the defendant. The facts and nature of the proceedings appear sufficiently from the judgment of Forster CJ. J B Waters, for the plaintiff. J Harrison, for the defendant. Forster CJ. The plaintiff, then a child aged four years, was attacked and to some extent savaged by a young dingo bitch, towards which the defenda nt acted in all respects as an owner. The dog had escaped from the chain and collar which secured it under the defendant’s unfenced house and the attack took place on some open land referred to as an easement near to the defendant’s house where the plaintiff was playing. The dingo had come into the possession of the defendant when it was four to six weeks old, its mother having been killed and the puppy having been found in the bush. The dingo was kept by the plaintiff in and about an ordinary suburban house in Sanderson, a suburb of Darwin, which house, as I have said, was unfenced. The house where the plaintiff lived was nearby†¦. The plaintiff sues by her mother as next friend for damages in respect of the injuries suffered by her in the attack by the dingo and the other consequences of the attack. The claim is put upon a number of alternate bases. First, on the basis of simple negligence. Secondly, on the basis that a dingo is an animal ferae naturae and is also a dangerous animal to the bringing S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 9 on to land of which absolute liability attaches and thirdly, pursuant to s 29 of the Registration of Dogs Ordinance. In view of the conclusion to which I have come on the second basis it is unnecessary to decide the questions of simple negligence and the provisions of the Registration of Dogs Ordinance, but it is my view that the claim based on negligence is not made out †¦. , and also that s 29 of the Registration of Dogs Ordinance has no application in the present circumstances as it does not create a liability, but simply provides that if a dog does damage in circumstances that attract liability to its owner then damages may be recovered in certain ways. Is the dingo an animal ferae naturae which should be regarded as inherently dangerous to man? Dr Begg, the biologist, Mr Williams, the head ranger at the Yarrawonga Wild Life Park, Mr Stephens, the Wild Life Control Officer and Mr Lindner, a well-known Northern Territory wild life ranger, and indeed the defendant herself, are unanimous that the dingo is a wild animal. Mrs Padgham-Purich regards the dingo as simply another breed of dog requiring no more special treatment than some other breeds of dog require and she does not agree without considerable qualification that the dingo is a wild animal. The dingo is a sub-species of the species dog, canis familiaris — canis familiaris dingo and the evidence satisfies me that it is capable of a degree of domestication. I note that the Oxford English Dictionary defines â€Å"dingo† as â€Å"the wild or semi-domesticated dog of Australia†. The test to be used for classifying animals for the purposes of defining the liability of the person who owns or keeps or harbours them, is whether the animal is of a class which constitutes a special danger to mankind†¦ What is the evidence with respect to the dingo? It is plainly regarded as being dangerous to stock. There are dog-proof fences and a bounty paid on scalps of dingoes. The evidence as to danger to man is not unanimous†¦ With great respect to Mrs Padgham-Purich, I find that although dingoes are capable of being tamed and can be in many respects attractive, intelligent dogs to own, they must always be treated with extreme care and suspicion and are prone for no apparent reason to attack the humans with whom they are associated. If, as I have said, the onus is upon the defendant to satisfy me on the balance of probabilities that the dingo, which is plainly a wild animal, is not dangerous to man, she has failed to discharge that onus. On the contrary I am satisfied that the dingo is by its nature notwithstanding Mrs Padgham-Purich’s skill and experience, inherently dangerous to man. This finding really concludes the question of liability in favour of the plaintiff:†¦ The dingo was secured by a chain and collar, the latter of which proved to be inadequate. In view of the absolute liability which I have found to exist the plaintiff is entitled to succeed†¦ taking everything into account, the appropriate sum for general damages is $5000. Special damages have been agreed at $110. 24 and there will be judgment for the plaintiff in the sum of $5110. 4 with costs to be taxed. I will hear counsel as to the form of an order for the payment of the judgment moneys. Solicitors for the plaintiff: Waters, James ; O’Neil. Solicitor for the defendant: David Winter. S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 10 Please answer the following questions in relation to the case: 1. What is the full case citation? 2. What are the names of the plaintiff/defendant? 3. In which court was this case decided and and what was the name of the judge? 4. What is the case about – give a brief summary of facts? 5. What are the legal issues raised in this case? 6. What happened in this case: what is the decision/reasons for the decision? S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 11 Week 4 25 March ASSIGNMENT 1 DUE (Hand to tutor in tutorial) Introduction to Contract Law (Lecture 3) NOTE: UNSW MID-SEMESTER BREAK FROM 1 APRIL to 7 APRIL 2013 Key learning outcomes from Lecture 3: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Role of contract law in business Formation of contracts Concept of a binding contract Need for offer and acceptance; consideration. How to answer a legal problem question Overview by tutor Tutorial Problem Questions Problem 1: A writes to B to sell his stamp collection to B. B, who has stopped saving stamps, gives A’s letter to another collector C, and C writes a letter of acceptance to A. Is there now a contract between A and C? Problem 2: Offeror wrote to offeree offering to buy offeree’s car for $1,999 adding: â€Å"If I hear no more about it, I consider the car mine at that price. † Offeree did not reply to this letter although it appeared from later dealings that offeree had decided to accept. Is there a contract? Problem 3: Brunhilda loses Fifi, her rare and often threatened French poodle. The poodle is found hunting rats in a sewer by a council worker and is returned ith a pair of tongs. Brunhilda, who has no sense of smell, is overjoyed, and promises to pay the council worker $50 for the return of the dog. Can the council worker enforce the promise? S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 12 Week 5 8 April Contract Law (Lecture 4) Key learning outcomes from Lecture 4: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Is there ‘intentionâ €™ to enter into a contract Terms of the contract Whether a contract is in existence Principles of construction and determining the scope of the contract: representations vs terms; incorporation of terms; implied terms; collateral contracts; uncertain terms; exclusion clauses How to approach the Major Assignment Overview by tutor NOTE: ONLINE SUBMISSION ONLY VIA TURNITIN (see Blackboard) You can review your plagiarism score, amend and resubmit as required but the FINAL VERSION of your assignment is due Monday 6 May by 5pm Tutorial Problem Question Richard was in the third year of an arts degree, and was finding his social life limited by his very limited financial means. He complained of this to his parents one weekend, hoping that they would give him an allowance. He continued on that theme for the whole weekend, until his father, Bill, eventually grew sick of it. Bill said that his brother Fred owed him a favour, because Bill had once helped him out with the milking for a month while Fred was in hospital. He said that Fred might be able to employ Richard on the farm. He said, finally, that if Fred couldn’t help he would give him some money himself. Bill contacted Fred and said: â€Å"Fred, you know that favour you owe me? Now I need something in return. I have a boy here anxious to earn some money. Will you employ him? † Fred happened, at that time, to need some labour, so he agreed to employ Richard on weekends and semester breaks. S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 13 Bill then continued: â€Å"And Fred I need something else. I’m going to be hauling some rubbish away over the next few weeks and I need your truck. When can I pick it up? † Fred replied that the truck would be available from Tuesday 4 July 2010. However, when Bill went to pick up the truck Fred refused to give it to him, saying that he needed it. Bill was furious, and since he had already paid a fair bit of money over to contractors, relying on the fact that he would have the truck, he was out of pocket as well. He threatened to sue Fred, saying that they had a contract. Richard started working on the farm, milking every weekend and doing general fencing, hay carting and pasture maintenance work during the semester breaks. However, after three months of work he still had not been paid. He asked Fred for the money and Fred said that, since they were family, he didn’t owe him anything. Richard now wants his father to pay him, saying that he had promised to do so if Fred couldn’t help. Discuss by reference to the common law of contract whether: 1. Bill is contractually entitled to the use of the truck; 2. Richard is contractually entitled to be paid by Fred; and 3. Richard is contractually entitled to be paid by Bill. Please also consider and apply any the decision from any relevant cases you have studied in lectures. S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 14 Week 6 15 April Contract Law (Lecture 5) Key learning outcomes from Lecture 5: †¢ Vitiating elements: mistake; misrepresentation; illegality; inequality between the parties Tutorial Problem Question Ernest had heard that the current owner of Absynth Hall was thinking of selling. On 28 April he wrote a letter to the owner, Jack, in the following terms: â€Å"Are you interested in selling the Hall? If so, at what price? † Jack received the letter on 29 April and replied that day by facsimile addressed to Ernest as follows: â€Å"I will sell you Absynth Hall for $200,000. The terms and conditions will be those in the Law Society of New South Wales standard form real estate contract. Please reply in writing before 5 May. † Unfortunately, Jack’s secretary Giles, when sending the facsimile, misdirected it, and it was received by Gwendolyn. Realising his mistake immediately, Giles re-sent the facsimile to Ernest and telephoned Gwendolyn to tell her that the facsimile was sent by mistake. On 1 May, Ernest sent a letter to Jack, saying: â€Å"I accept your offer to sell the Hall and surrounding grounds for $200,000. † However, on the same day the market went into a spectacular dive, and by 5 pm Ernest had lost a lot of money. Feeling that he could no longer afford the Hall, he sent a facsimile to Jack, which Jack received at 6 pm, saying that he no longer wished to purchase the property. At this point Jack had not received Ernest’s letter of 1 May. Gwendolyn had been extremely interested in purchasing the Hall and, ignoring Giles’ advice to disregard the facsimile, she had faxed an acceptance of the offer immediately upon receipt of Jack’s mis-sent fax. S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 15 On 1 May, Jack received Ernest’s facsimile and decided to follow up on Gwendolyn’s fax. He sent her a reply by fax, saying: â€Å"I am in receipt of your facsimile of 29 April. I advise that the price is $250,000 for the Hall alone. † Gwendolyn received that fax on 1 May and replied that she would purchase the Hall for $235,000. On 3 May Jack replied that he would accept that price. On 4 May Ernest recovered all of his losses on the stock market and made a profit. He telephoned Jack to say that he would now purchase the hall for $200,000. Discuss by reference to the common law of contract whether there is an enforceable contract between: 1. Jack and Ernest 2. Jack and Gwendolyn for the sale of Abysnth Hall? Please also consider and apply any the decision from any relevant cases you have studied in lectures. S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 16 Week 7 22 April (Tutor Consultation Week) Contract Law (Lecture 6) Key learning outcomes from Lecture 6: †¢ †¢ Termination of the contract Remedies available for contractual breaches Tutorial Problem Question Lizzy was interested in buying a television. She didn’t have very much money, so she thought that she would have to buy one second-hand. She advertised in the local newspaper. The advertisement said: Wanted: LCD Plasma television in good condition. Will pay a good price. The next morning Darcy rang, saying that he had a television fitting the description. He said he would bring it around to Lizzy’s house at 4 pm. A few minutes later Bingley rang. He said he had a good television for sale, but it was a television/video unit combined. Lizzy, however, was interested. She drove around to Bingley’s house. Bingley showed Lizzy the television. Lizzy was very interested. The television was very good looking, finished in rather nice matt black finish and with soft, fluid lines. She said to Bingley: â€Å"Have you ever had any difficulties with the picture? † Bingley told her that the television had always worked well, and that he had never had any difficulties with it. Bingley set the television up in the lounge room and showed Lizzy how it worked. Lizzy asked how much he wanted for the television. He replied that he would want $575. Lizzy said she would pay $550 and Bingley said that it was a deal. Lizzy took the television home and found Darcy waiting at the door. He said that he had the television and wanted the $600 that it was worth. Lizzy was confused, and said that she never said she would buy the television. Darcy became very angry, and told Lizzy that she S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 17 would have to buy the television. If she didn’t she might find herself seriously harmed. Lizzy was frightened, and agreed to buy the television. She said Darcy could bring it around the next day and she would have the money. When Lizzy got inside she set up the television which she had just purchased from Bingley. She watched it for a couple of hours to calm her nerves. After that time, the television started to smoke and the picture flickered and faded to black. Lizzy was upset, and took the television to an electrician. The electrician said that there was a major fault in the television and that it had most certainly been faulty when she purchased it. Discuss by reference to the common law of contract whether there is an enforceable contract between: 3. Lizzy and Darcy 4. Lizzy and Bingley in relation to the purchase of the television. Please also consider and apply any the decision from any relevant cases you have studied in lectures. S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 18 Week 8 29 April (Tutor Consultation Week) Introduction to Tort Law (Lecture 7) Key learning outcomes from Lecture 7: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Some of the different types of torts and some areas of business where tort law may be relevant How the law of contract and the law of torts interact What is the â€Å"duty of care† and to whom is it owed? What is the â€Å"but for† test? Some of the defences to torts Relevant statutory provisions of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) Tutorial Problem Question Theresa runs her own Asian restaurant in Randwick. One morning, a delivery man accidently dropped and spilt a can of cooking oil on the floor of the restaurant as he was entering from the street. Theresa immediately mopped up the oil and scrubbed the floor with detergent, but the surface remained slightly oily and quite slippery. Consider the following possible situations: a) After the accident, Theresa went to get some rubber mats to lay down over the area from the back of the restaurant and the phone rang. Not wanting to miss the call, she answered the call. Her back was turned from the entrance for a minute or two. During that time Damien, a customer, entered. He slipped on the oily floor and broke his leg. ) Damien’s girlfriend Ivy, who was a very nervous person, was walking behind him. She became very upset and suffered nervous shock when she saw Damien fall because she feared that Damien might be seriously injured. c) After the accident, Theresa wrote out a sign in very large bright letters which said ‘Warning—slippery floor. Do not enter’ and displayed it at the front of the restaurant entrance. Clark, a customer with very poor eyesight, miss ed the sign, walked in, slipped on the oily floor and broke his leg. S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 19 ) Clark screamed loudly after his fall. This caused Russell, who was driving past the restaurant, to take his attention off the road, causing him to run off the road and smash into a nearby wall. Russell was uninjured but the smash caused $20,000 damage to his car. e) Immediately after the spill, Theresa walked outside, pulled down the shutter of the restaurant but forgot to lock it, and went for a coffee. A thief entered through the unlocked door to steal money, but slipped floor, crashed into the shutters. The fall caused him to break his jaw and suffer possible long-term brain damage. Assume that the above events a) to e) took place as a separate set of facts. Considering each scenario separately, discuss whether Theresa could be liable for the resulting injuries and damage under the laws of negligence. Refer to both the common law and the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW). Please also consider and apply any relevant statutory provisions and any relevant decisions from any relevant cases you have studied in lectures. S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 20 Week 9 6 May ASSIGNMENT 2 DUE BY 5PM: ONLINE SUBMISSION VIA TURNITIN Tort Law: Professional Negligence and Pure Economic Loss (Lecture 8) Key learning outcomes from Lecture 8: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The essential elements of negligent misstatement How the test for negligent misstatement relates to the test for negligence resulting in personal injury Why courts are reluctant to make awards for pure economic loss How the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) applies to professional negligence What an accounting firm can do to reduce the risk of liability for negligence Tutorial Problem Question Sam and Samantha have just moved into an old terrace house in Bondi which they purchased in October, 2012. Before deciding to buy the property, they obtained a building report on the condition of the house from a professional building inspection company, Inspectcorp. The report stated that the floorboards needed to be replaced at a cost of around $5000, as they were full of dry rot. In addition, Inspectcorp reported that there was evidence of termite infestation in the roof. The report recommended a pest report be obtained on the termite problem. Sam and Samantha were short of cash so decided to proceed with the purchase without getting a pest report. After they moved in, the couple employed a contractor to replace the floorboards. While doing the work, the contractor found that the beams supporting the floorboards were rotten due to termite infestation, and the estimated cost of replacement of the beams is $50,000 in addition to the $5000 to replace the floorboards. On another matter, last week the local council served a notice requiring the house to be fitted with electric smoke detectors, under new fire safety laws that came into effect in November, 2012. The estimated cost to fit the detectors is $2000. S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 21 Sam and Samantha say they would not have purchased the property if they’d known that they’d have to spend $50,000 to replace the beams, and another $2000 to install the smoke detectors. They say Inspectcorp should have detected and reported both these items in their report. Consider whether Sam and Samantha may have any rights to claim compensation against Inspectcorp under the laws of negligence in NSW. Refer to both the common law and the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW). Please also consider and apply any relevant statutory provisions and any relevant decisions from any relevant cases you have studied in lectures. S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 22 Week 10 13 May Property Law (Lecture 9) Key learning outcomes from Lecture 9: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The difference between a joint tenancy and a tenancy in common The meaning of Real Property/Personal Property/Intellectual Property/a Chose in Action How real property under Torrens Title is transferred The difference between a mortgage and a charge The different types of intellectual property The preconditions necessary for a work to be protected by copyright How a company can protect its confidential information REMINDER: MAJOR ASSIGNMENT IS DUE ON MONDAY 6 MAY by 5pm This Assignment is to be submitted online only – via Turnitin (see Blackboard) Tutorial Problem Question Jack and Jill, a middle aged married couple, are registered as co-owners of their freestanding family home in Kensington. The property is held under Torrens Title and they are registered as joint tenants. They have paid off the loan they had taken out from the Eastpac Bank to purchase the property, which is now worth over one million dollars. The marriage is going through a difficult time, and Jack recently became friends with a single woman living in the USA through an online dating service. He has decided to travel to the US by himself to meet his new friend and start a new life, taking as much money as possible with him. Having very little cash in the bank, Jack successfully applied to Eastpac bank for a new loan of $500,000, with a mortgage over his house as security. The bank manager told Jack he and Jill would need to attend his office to sign a mortgage agreement, but Jack made up a story that Jill was unable to come to the bank to sign personally due to illness. As a long term reliable customer, the manager allowed Jack to take the documents home for his wife Jill to sign. Without telling Jill about the loan, Jack forged his wife’s signature on the mortgage document. The bank accepted the signed mortgage not knowing Jill’s signature was forged, and registered it at the Land Titles Office. S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 23 Taking the $500,000 with him, Jack disappeared to the USA, never to return, and made no repayments of the loan. When the loan defaulted, the bank followed the usual procedure and exercised its power of sale over the property to recover the outstanding loan. It sold the property at auction to Mr. Chan, who became registered owner of the land. Jill has had to vacate the property, but knew nothing about the loan to Jack. She claims the mortgage to the Eastpac bank is void because her signature was forged. She claims she still legally owns the house and should not have to suffer due to Jack’s dishonesty. Mr. Chan says he is entitled remain owner as he legally bought the property at the auction, and knew nothing about the forged mortgage. Advise Jill and Mr Chan as to their legal position under the Torrens Title system. S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 24 Week 11 20 May Competition Law (Lecture 10) Key learning outcomes from Lecture 10: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ What are the key provisions of Part IV of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) What anti-competitive conduct can be authorised The enforcement powers of the ACCC What remedies and defences are available under the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) Tutorial Problem Questions Consider whether the following conduct breaches any sections of Part IV of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth): 1. Representatives of four major widget distributors enter price fixing agreements to fix maximum customer discounts. 2. A manufacturer refuses to supply a retailer for two reasons: a. The retailer insists on buying from other manufacturers; and b. The retailer is located in an unfashionable part of a shopping centre and has poor retail facilities. 3. A retailer has 45% of the retail biscuit market. Can the retailer acquire a competitor that has another 15% of the cake market? (ABL  ¶8-572) A publisher distributes a textbook to book retailers on condition that the retail price is no less than $35. ABL  ¶8-440 to  ¶8-500) S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 25 Week 12 27 May (Tutor Consultation Week) Consumer Protection Law (Lecture 11) Key learning outcomes from Lecture 11: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ What is the Australian Consumer Law (found at Sch 2, Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth)? What does s 18 of the Australian Consumer Law state? Can â€Å"s ilence† or an â€Å"opinion† amount to misleading or deceptive conduct? False representations under s 29 of the Australian Consumer Law Unconscionable conduct under ss 20, 21 and 22 of the Australian Consumer Law Defences and remedies available under the Australian Consumer Law Tutorial Problem Questions Problem 1: Randy inherited a collection of early Australian paintings from his rich uncle Archibald. Randy supports himself by his winnings from poker machines and other forms of gambling. When he is short of cash he usually sells off a painting from his inheritance. In the past two years he has sold 10 works of art. Bettina is keen to purchase one of the paintings in Randy’s collection, but wants to have it authenticated first as a genuine work of the famous Australian artist, Norman Lindsay. Randy agrees to have this done. The expert who examines the painting is not prepared to acknowledge that it is the actual work of Norman Lindsay, but is confident that it is most likely the work of one of the Lindsays from the same artistic family. He communicates this conclusion to Randy. Before she decides to make the purchase Bettina rings up Randy on the telephone and enquires, â€Å"Are you sure that it is actually the work of Norman Lindsay? † Randy replies, â€Å"The expert is confident it is a genuine Lindsay. † Bettina purchases the painting and sometime later it is authoritatively established that it is not a genuine work by the famous Australian artist Norman Lindsay, but that of his lesserknown cousin, Larry Lindsay, who imitates Norman Lindsay’s style. Identify whether Bettina is able to obtain any remedy for misleading or deceptive conduct. S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 26 Please also consider and apply any relevant statutory provisions and any relevant decisions from any relevant cases you have studied in lectures. Problem 2: A computer company advertised computers in the newspapers and in this way sold them directly to the public. It maintained no shopfront and did not sell through any distributors. It advertised computers in the daily newspapers, but neglected to state that a delivery charge of $99 had to be paid. What sort of remedies is the court likely to order? S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 27 Week 13 3 June (Tutor Consultation Week) THIS WILL BE A REVISION CLASS: DON’T MISS IT! †¢ †¢ Come prepared to discuss the sample problem exam questions with your tutor (see sample questions uploaded on Blackboard) Bring any queries you have about any of this session’s tutorial questions S2-2012 LEGT1710 Tutorial Program Page 28 How to cite Tutorial Questions, Papers

Discuss About Disadvantages and Oppression Men Suffer In Society

Question: Explain how the "concept of gender "could be used as an analytical tool to explain some of the disadvantages or oppression men suffer in Society ? Answer: Introducation The concept of gender biasness which has always surfaced the issues and the oppression suffered by females in the society is just one side of the coin. But the kind of oppression men suffer in the society Management due to the prevailing concept of gender cannot be ignored. Before exploring into the disadvantages that men suffer in the society it is very crucial to understand the meaning of the phrase, concept of gender. In general terms a person would pursue gender as sex. The concept is defined as how a person is treated in the society and how the life of the group is structured basis the society in which he dwells. It is not restricted to only a persons physical looks. However the sexual differences are used to differentiate amongst the two groups i.e. of men and women which is the base for the explanation of viewing and treating the members of all the groups uniquely. It is a myth that only women are the disadvantaged group of the society. Men also face oppression although in a d ifferent manner altogether but they also find themselves into a negative position wherein they are ill treated too (Berlatsky, 2013). Oppression for men can take forms such as violence, mistreatment, marginalisation, helplessness and enlightening imperialism. Thus the main issue here with regards the oppression generally being faced by men take such varying forms wherein they may find themselves in an advantageous position with regards the income level and the kind of respect ne earns from the society but at the same time be mistreated with regards the other factors. The said essay connotes about the kind of oppression men suffer which is generally invisible but is harmful just as it is for the women when they are ill treated by the society. The most apt question to be answered first is how are men oppressed by the society? First and foremost they are known to be insistent and sadistic by nature. Due to the same the society prohibits them to be flexible thus are pushed within the cage of a narrow meaning of the word MALE. Unfortunately, those males who are not violent or hostile or are flexible are addressed as sissy, wimp who is behaving like a girl. This is when they find themselves in a lower position in the society wherein they are unable to live up to the expectation of the society from a man. The second oppression suffered by men is the fact that violence against men is more overlooked than against women (Warner, 2015). Unfortunately between the increasing awareness about violence against women, the society still finds it suitable and tolerable to kill a male if the reason is satisfactory for the same. Further to his it shows that men do not feel the brunt and do not contain any emotions within them (Goodman, 2015) . If killing or risking ones own life for the sake of someone else, then the society perceives the same as their duty. Men feel disadvantaged as they are looked upon as superfluous and the fact that if they get hurt or are injured then they should move on ahead ignoring the pain they may be suffering from that wound. The concept of gender does not permit the men or boys to ask for any help as if they do so the society would consider them to be weak and not up to the mark. Another example of oppression that men are often seen to suffer although the same is not apparent is the fact that they are looked upon as hyperagents. There belonging to the male gender are expected to have extra power that they can exercise in their family as well as in the spheres of politics, legal and financial as well. This is what the concept of gender expected from them and if the same is not adhered to the fullest, then they are considered not a man and therefore considered to be unworthy by the world and their own families as well (Young, 2014). Unfortunately due to the pressure put in by the society in which one dwells, men are forced to take up the role of a hyper agent. For some it is to be propelled upon them simply because their gender is male. For example, in communities who generally have an inbuilt culture of appointing the male counterparts as the head of a family, even if it is very apparent that men have lesser control over their family matters as compared to the actual head i.e. the women, they are expected to assume the position of hyper agency via such acts in the systems that desires them to let go of the emotional quotient and physical limitations because of such a participation necessitated by the society which causes indirect oppression on men. Due to such a pressure it often leads to a deadly loss of compassionate effectiveness. The male counterparts often find themselves in an inferior position in comparison to the female counterparts while bargaining for kindness from the general public at large (Choonara, Prasad, 2014). It is clear from the above mentioned statements that the society in which we reside is a sexist society where the gender biasness begins from the birth of a child even though the beginning of the sonogram has permitted the parents to ensure painting of their toy room with pink or blue depending on the gender of the child and also determines the kind of toys to buy for them. The sane is so much persuasive in nature that it is almost impossible to escape from the said dominance. Feminism has done a very good job of evaluating and challenging the manner in which the allocated force on gender biasness has damaged and distorted the women of our society. Similarly the same tools of evaluation can rightly be applied to the injury and distortion that the men of our society suffer and unfortunately the said damage is very severe. The usual terminology used for describing the restrictive codes imposed by the society on the behavioural patterns of the male counterparts is defined as hegemonic m anliness (Haslanger, 2000). The theorist such as Charlie Glickman says Act like a Man Box pressurizes upon the fact that the restrictions imposed on a man is decided from the start. So the question here arises is what is known as a box and what are the limitations of a hegemonic manliness. The main theme behind the same is that those things which are considered to be as manly and only a man can possibly do is nothing but a combination of various irrational, conflicting and such expectations which is not possible in real terms. The society considers a man to be real only if he has the potential to attract a woman towards him and at the same time he is expected not to surrender himself totally to a womans desires and approvals. The society portrays the fact that a man should not possess any emotions and should only show anger and sternness in his attitude (Bloomfield, 2014). The kind of oppression they suffer if there physique is not tall with a long penis is all the more disheartenin g. In such an adverse scenario, a man is expected to perform the above mentioned facts in a more stoic and stern manner so as to cover up the said insufficiency successfully, so is what the concept of gender forms which puts a man in a disadvantageous position. Stigmatization being faced by men due to the gender biasness created by the society is so severe that they are being oppressed even more than a woman is. For example, if a man desires to be a house maker as his profession and raise kids and cook food and do what their mothers have been doing all their lives then they are condemned by the society in the manner that they are o listen o things like arent real man. This leads to gloominess amongst them due to such taunts being passed on the society and being named as paedophiles. Unfortunately the pressure imposed by the society on men leads to such tragic events that it is impossible to think and the impact and outcomes are more severe than seen within women (Crouse, 1998). If a man is without any employment then the world looks at them with such killing looks that there is seen a higher risk of him committing a suicide than a women without a job simply because of the linkage the society has created between the terms manliness and achie vement. Therefore even if the society supposedly, does not put any kind of pressure on men, but the prospects that they render can put men in a detrimental position if their actions are not in line with the expectations Management . Men who are not gay are expected by the society to pay for the bills if dating a woman or has just gone out for eating with a female friend also and this leads to a pain for such men who are shy or do not have the ability financially. Male gender if found virgins are considered to be shameful by the society but if the same is with women they are regarded high, so is the kind of differentiation the society does, thus leading to domination to men who genuinely are true to their female counterparts (Brand Frantz, 2012). It is understood that in the western part of the world, men are equally oppressed as women. Be it the legal system wherein the women are treated better and it is noticed that the women receive lighter verdicts and a greater chances of exoneration simply because of the status of being a female. As per statistics, men receive 63 percent longer sentences on an average in comparison to women. Even if women who are also a part of doing domestic violence but only men are the ones who are punished and women in most of the cases escape (Celda 2012). The oppression is to such a deep extent that even if the male gender desires for an equal health treatment, the support extended by government is only for women mainly. Thus it is understood that the government is also involved in the said oppression being suffered by men in the society. Therefore on a concluding note, it can be said that it is a myth that women are the oppressed class and men being the real reasons behind such oppression. The above analysis and evaluation makes it clear that men are equally or even for that matter at times oppressed more than women. There has been so much unreal expectations from men that they are forced by the society to developManagement their emotional side and behave empathetically. Finally, it is understood that the concept of gender is what has led to such a discrimination due to which the suicides are more amongst men in comparison to women, men are found to be more depressed and homeless too. Therefore the same should be equally considered and all steps to overcome and help men fight with such disadvantages should be catered to. References: Brand,N. Frantz,O. (2012). What About the Men? Why Our Gender System Sucks for Men, Too. Retrieved from https://www.alternet.org/story/156194/what_about_the_men_why_our_gender_system_sucks_for_men,_too Berlatsky,N. (2013). When Men Experience Sexism. Retrieved from Bloomfield https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/05/when-men-experience-sexism/276355/ Bloomfield,J. (2014). 5 Ways Society Discriminates Against Men. Retrieved from https://thoughtcatalog.com/janet-bloomfield/2014/08/5-ways-society-discriminates-against-men/ Celda. (2013). Facts and statistics detailing male oppression/disadvantage. Retrieved from https://www.reddit.com/r/MensRights/comments/uwekw/facts_and_statistics_detailing_male_oppression/ Choonara,E. Prasad,Y. (2014). Whats wrong with privilege theory? Retrieved from https://isj.org.uk/whats-wrong-with-privilege-theory/ Crouse,K. (1998). Male Oppression. Retrieved from https://userpages.umbc.edu/~korenman/wmst/male_oppression.html Goodman,D.J. (2015). Oppression and Privilege :Management Two Sides of the Same Coin. Journal of Intercultural Communication. 18. Pp. 1-14 Haslanger,S. (2000). Gender and Race : (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them To Be?. Blackwell Publishers Inc. : UK Warner,C. (2015). 6 Ways The Patriarchy Is Harmful To Men, Because Feminism Isnt Just For Women. Retrieved from https://www.bustle.com/articles/124983-6-ways-the-patriarchy-is-harmful-to-men-because-feminism-isnt-just-for-women Young,I.M. (2014). Five Faces of Oppression. Retrieved from https://www.sunypress.edu/pdf/62970.pdf

Comparisons Between Cystology, Histology, and Pathology. Essay Example

Comparisons Between Cystology, Histology, and Pathology. Essay Michelle Hatton-Cowan Professor Micah Parker BHSR-115-01 16 March 2013 Putting the Pieces Together While recently putting a puzzle together with my family I realized that we had a very certain way of putting it together. We had the person who laid out all the pieces and was constantly looking for the ones that went together. Another person would carefully put pieces together that the first person had laid out and make sure there were no discrepancies. The last person would oversee everyone else. They would make sure pieces were going where they should be, and everyone would report back to the main person who was overseeing everything. If one was to look at any career or field they have trained in or worked in they would see that there is a hierarchy to each position. It is one person helping the next person to figure out one main objective or goal. The Careers of a Cytologist, Histologist, and Pathologist work very closely together; so closely it’s almost like they are putting a puzzle together, in such a way one can’t just do all of the jobs but there must be someone in each area of the field to complete the main objective. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparisons Between Cystology, Histology, and Pathology. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Comparisons Between Cystology, Histology, and Pathology. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Comparisons Between Cystology, Histology, and Pathology. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cytologists are the people working on the puzzle that lay the pieces out for the person in charge to oversee and direct them at what they should be looking for. They are â€Å"biologists who specialize in the study of formation, structure, and function of cells† (â€Å"cytology†). I like that fact that they have independent work with very little supervision. There is room for rapid job growth. A reported â€Å"14% job growth through 2018† (Tolia). I do not like that cytologist’s have major exposure to specimens and chemical fumes that can be very hazardous. There may be a rapid job growth projected for cytologists but only â€Å"thirty-one accredited cytotechnologist programs are available in the United States† (Tolia). Cytologists can work in many different health care facilities. They have the option of working in â€Å"hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, physicians’ offices, outpatient care centers and home health care† (Tolia). To become a cytologist, one will need to complete a bachelor’s degree program and finish a one to two year program accredited by the Commission of Allied Health Education Programs in Cytotechnology. Most Employers prefer that the cytologist pass the ASCP’s ational Technologist in Cytoechnology certification exam. A cytologist must complete this program every three years to remain certified (Tolia). â€Å"Cytologists are either paid by the hour or through an annual salary. According to Salary. com, the median annual income for a cytologist is $62,401, with the least well com pensated quarter of practitioners making less than $56,810 and the highest paid quarter making over $$67,386. According to Payscale, cytologists command an average salary of between $24. 47 and $31. 20 per hour, with standard time-and-a-half rates for overtime† (Wolfe). Cytologist’s play a large role in medical decisions and work closely with pathologists. â€Å"Cytologists can also gain industry recognition by submitting their written articles for publication and applying for front-cover exposure in the ASCTs publication† (Tolia). Cytologists must know how to read the doctor’s orders by using their knowledge of Medical terminology. Cytologists must use and communicate with their knowledge of Medical Terminology because all the work they do ultimately goes back to the doctor and goes along in response to the original order. When a cytologist is reporting they will also report to the histologist who â€Å"plays an important role in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of disease† (Torres). The next step in putting more pieces of the puzzle together is the histologist. The histologist â€Å"examines and analyzes cells and body fluids. They search for parasites, bacteria and other microorganisms† (Torres). I like that histologists â€Å"work in medical laboratories with pathologists and other laboratory experts† (Torres). Histology is a very important tool of medicine and biology. I like that they serve as a detective trying to figure out different diseases and cell structures. Histology would not be a job for me because I do not like the many hours spent on my feet observing tiny little particles though a microscope. I do not have the time, patience, or eye sight for this job. Histologists must have very good eyesight to be able to point out the discrepancies in cells, which good eyesight is something I don’t have. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the demand for histologists will grow about 14 percent between 2006 and 2016. The median hourly wage for histologists in the United States is $22. 68 per hour and their median annual salary is $47,174, according to the Mayo Clinic† (Gray). Histologists have the opportunity to work in many different career settings including; the hospital, diagnostic laboratories, and many different outpatient settings. â€Å"For an entry-level position as a histologist, an applicant will need to have a bach elors degree with a major in medical technology or one of the life sciences. Bachelors degrees in this field will usually include courses in chemistry, microbiology, statistics and biological sciences, as well as specialized courses devoted to skills used in the clinical laboratory. However, it is possible to fill some positions while having a combination of on-the-job training and formal education. Generally, one will usually have at least an associates degree. Many employers require applicants to have certification from recognized professional associations, such as the American Society for Clinical Pathology, the American Medical Technologist or the National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel† (Torres). Histologists are important to our United States Health Care System because they are like the detectives of disease, and play an important role in the detection, diagnosis and treatment of disease. Histologists use their knowledge of Medical Terminology to read what orders the doctors have given to them. They are able to follow the guidance of the pathologist, who histologists work very closely with, to determine probable diseases and to diagnose a patient. The last person to put pieces of our puzzle together is the pathologist. A  pathologist  is a physician who examines tissues, checks the accuracy of lab tests, and interprets the results in order to facilitate the patient’s diagnosis and treatment† (â€Å"Pathologist†). They oversee the cytologist and the histologist. I love that pathologists work very closely with the doctor and the patient on a daily basis. Pathology has many different career opportunities including a clinical pathologist, anatomic patholo gist and a forensic pathologist. I do not like the scrutiny that is placed on their job. If they mess up one little thing or read a smear of cells the wrong way and give the wrong diagnose it could be fatal for the patient. â€Å"There are approximately  13,000 to 14,000 board certified pathologists in the United States who practice their specialty. Starting salaries  for newly-certified pathologists can range from about $126,000 to $150,000 per year† (â€Å"Pathologist†). Pathologists have the opportunity to work in the community, in universities, in government hospitals and clinics, independent laboratories, or in private offices, clinics, and other health care acilities (Pathologist). â€Å"In order to work as a pathologist, you must have a successful undergraduate career; score well on your Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) and secure a place at a medical school to earn your medical degree (Torres). Medical school is not easy to get into, but after the student secures a place in medical school and finishes with Doctor of Medicine, they must sec ure a position in a three to four year residency program (Torres). After the residency program the student will take a national licensing exam to become certified in their state. Pathologists are extremely important to our United States healthcare system. They are the problem solvers to today’s medical mysteries. Pathologists us their knowledge of medical terminology every day by interpreting laboratory tests that are done by a cytologist and histologist and then they relay that information back to the doctor or patient. The puzzle is now complete with the help of the pathologist. Every person plays an important part of putting the puzzle together. Cytologists help us to identify the different cells and tissues. Histologists help us identify different disease found within the cells and tissues. Lastly, pathologists help us confer all of our results and relay them to the doctor and the patient. All three careers must be able to properly use their knowledge of medical terminology in an effort to communicate efficiently to the doctor. All information communicated to the doctor is in an effort to help save a patient’s life. Works Cited cytology.   The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2003. Houghton Mifflin Company 18 Mar. 2013  http://www. thefreedictionary. com/cytology Cytologist.   MedFriendly. N. p.. Web. 18 Mar 2013. http://www. medfriendly. com/cytologist. tml. Gray, Carolyn. Salary.   Histologist Salary. N. p.. Web. 18 Mar 2013. http://www. ehow. com/info_8614451_histologist-salary. html Pathologist.   Explore Health Careers. American Society for Clinical Pathology, 27 Feb 2013. Web. 18 Mar 2013. http://explorehealthcareers. org/en/Career/121/Pathologist. Tolia, Citlali. Becoming a Cytologist: Job Description Sal ary Information.   Education Requirements. n. page. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. http://diplomaguide. com/articles/Cytologist_Career_Summary. html. Tolia, Citlali. Becoming a Cytologist: Job Description Salary Information.   How to Stand Out in the Field. n. page. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. http://diplomaguide. com/articles/Cytologist_Career_Summary. html. Tolia, Citlali. Essential Career Information.   Becoming a Cytologist: Job Description Salary Information. n. page. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. http://diplomaguide. com/articles/Cytologist_Career_Summary. html. Tolia, Citlali. The Pros and Cons of Becoming a Cytologist.   Becoming a Cytologist: Job Description Salary Information. Diploma Guide. Web. 18 Mar 2013. http://diplomaguide. com/articles/Cytologist_Career_Summary. html. Torres, Franco. Becoming a Medical Pathologist: Job Description Salary Info.   Important Career Information. N. p.. Web. 18 Mar 2013. http://diplomaguide. com/articles/Becoming_a_Medical_Pathologist_Job_Description_Sala ry_Info. html. Torres, Franco. Duties of a Histologist.   Becoming a Histologist: Careers, Salary Info Job Description. n. page. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. http://diplomaguide. com/articles/Histologist_Career_Info. html. Wolfe, Michael. The Average Salary of a Cytologist. Salary. n. page. Web. 18 Mar. 2013. http://www. ehow. com/about_7288084_average-salary-cytologist. html

Shades children essays

Shade's children essays This book seems to be one of Garth Nixs better works because he expands the mind more then he did in the last novel that I read by him, (Pullmans journey). Pullmans Journey took place in the mid 1700s and was about a poor man struggling to support his family. When he struck upon a bright moon rock, that was said to give him power over night and day. This way he could make his life easier, and essentially control time itself. The overall consequence of this was that whenever he awoke it was day and whenever he slept it was night. This sense of strange happenings made me feel like I wasnt really getting into the book. I never knew what was going to happen and I didnt feel that any of this book was relevant to anything. Most of the books I read I like to make a connection with. In Shades Children, it differed from my life completely in everything except, that it expanded my thought into an area where we rarely see. This book talked about what the future could be like, although it is highly unlikely, theres always a chance. Children were kept in large dormitories and raised to be soldiers with chips placed in the back of their heads to keep them controlled. Large monster type beings called Myzophers controlled these childrens lives. The way it all got this way was when a government corporation took over and stole away every family and killed the adults. Now, a few selected kids have been brought to safety by escaping and being helped to their destination by Shade and his sidekicks. All Shade is in the book, is a computer program and a floating television. Everything in his little society is well organized and under control. He is trying to eventually take back over the world, and re-gain fr eedom. Sure this all seems very puzzling, which it is in fact. I had to read a paragraph over a couple times to finally get wha ...

Unit 2 module Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unit 2 module - Assignment Example The opposite is true in the case of unfavorable variance, where the amount set aside in the budget is less than the actual expenses to get met. For this case, the organization will experience budget deficit, and some items in the budget will get forgone or postponed unless borrowing or further funding get undertaken by the firm. c) Some variances are usually nil or zero. This arises from the accurate budget estimation done by the organization. Favorable and unfavorable variances often result from an organization’s lack of the exact projection or rather forecasting on the accrual expense in its various variables, both patient and non-patient revenues. Other also arises from an organization’s failure to give the estimate on the exact value of the expenses, both personal and non-personal, and the income over or under expenses. d) The possible primary cause of favorable variance is the organizations overestimation on the actual price of the particular variable. It can also arise as fall in the future price or cost of the particular variable, such that relatively the budgeted value is higher than the real value. As a result of this, the estimated value exceeds the actual value leading to a positive difference, which, in this case, is the favorable variance. The possible primary cause of unfavorable variance is underestimation of the real future price of the particular variable, for example, net salaries and wages. The other possible cause is the increase in the future price or cost of the particular variable, such that the budgeted value is relatively lesser than the actual value. For these two cases, the amount set aside for the budget ends up getting lower than the real value of the variable, hence a negative difference, which results in unfavorable variances. e) Positive variances are always favorable. This

DB2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

DB2 - Essay Example The Last Judgment is stuffed with nude figures and actions depicting violence. It was criticized as offensive because it contains bodies which were naked and placed behind the altar of the Sistine Chapel. Michaelangelo used The Last Judgment painting to communicate about counter-reformation. He used his techniques of painting such as the broader and monochromatic figures to make a change and create a new standard. Artists in Medieval times create painting with figures dressed presenting their social ranks. Michaelangelo on the other hand presented figures without clothes to show equality. I think Michaelangelo’s work wanted to express his opposition on how the people value social classes during their times. I believe he wanted to promote equality among the people. He wanted to convey that people should not be judge according to their classes and according on how they dress. In his painting, he stripped the figures bare of rank. Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa is one of th e most legendary and well known portraits of all times. The model of the painting is Lisa, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo. The painting wanted to convey mystery and enchantment with her ambiguous smile. The figure depicts a very simple portrait.

Project Outline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Outline - Assignment Example rorists and other extremists groups can take advantage of this huge traffic at the ports to smuggle devices and other weapons that they can use to disrupt the peace and economic development of the country. The abstract also explains the need for security in the U.S. Seaports. Introduces the major concept and points in the paper, and states the thesis. Shows how the United States is one of the countries with the largest coastlines across the entire globe and provides a number or sea ports and sea shores to use in both transport activities, especially the exports and imports trade, whereby the country brings in new products from other countries while exporting its own products to different other countries. The introduction also illustrates how avenue of transport creates congestion at the seaports, offering possibility of security lapses for terrorist. It describes the Seaport industry in the United States. It illustrates how seaports act as entry and exit points for goods from the U.S, as well as into the U.S. The section also shows how these seaports are America’s gateways to the global trade because they facilitate both domestic and international trade, thereby connecting the United States to the rest of the world. It also describes seaports in the U.S. and the locations. It examines seaports as possible insecurity gateways leading to terror attacks. It demonstrates the mechanisms of enhancing security at the ports. These include security checks and frisks to ensure that only the allowed goods and services pass through the ports, and keep out illegal or banned products from entering or leaving the country. Measures also include checking for radioactive emissions or charges found in containers or luggage carried by passengers who use these ports. This is done to limit terrorist attempts and suicide bombers. The government set rules and regulations to govern the maritime operations are also discussed including programs such as CSI and CBP. This part

Why Do Most Rural Construction Projects Fail Construction Essay

Why Do Most Rural Construction Projects Fail Construction Essay A research on the construction projects Is done on rural areas to see why rural construction projects fail, reasons for rural project failure are found to be, poor communication, lack of skills to the people who engaged in a project. Rural construction failure is affecting the economy since there is more money spent on the projects and people from rural areas need to be developed, as we know that rural areas where neglected so they were not privileged enough , so government is trying to develop the rural areas by proving the projects that will help community to develop. The research conducted on construction projects failure is valuable since it will help people to know how to overcome project problems, The report will give knowledge to the community and the professional team in how to avoid rural projects failure. PREFACE Many of the construction projects influential clients do not recognize the project management is an essential ingredient for use with any system of procurement of a new facility. This report is key guidance compiled under the active direction of a multi- disciplined working group. Project management, as a professional disciplined, has been the subject of numerous definitions and considerable confusion in the construction industry. The aim of this report is to provide reader and all members of the construction team with definitive strategy for any project from outset, defining the responsibilities of all concerned to achieve completion on time, to the specification defined by the brief and within budget. The report has been prepared as a definitive document which will enable a reader to understand the role and responsibilities of the project manager on any major or minor project. The report is a practical document and will allow the team to practice the art to gain an understanding of the process involved and techniques employed. Similarly, readers will be able to explore and complete range of project management activities. Since inception of democracy in 1994, the government of the Republic of South Africa has been introducing policies and programmes to ensure economic empowerment. The Black Economic Empowerment initiative was introduced to combat and or reverse past economic inequalities. The main focus of the programme was to empower black in general, Africans in particular. South Africa is predominantly occupied by rural areas; hence the centre of attention is shifted to rural development in terms of empowerment. However, this initiative has been succeeding but there are challenges facing the programme in the sense that those challenges are outweighing the benefits. For example, we have tender entrepreneurs, youth and women who are actively involved in the project or business world and are contributing positively to economic development that will lead to economic growth of the country. Even though we are gradually succeeding in this initiative but the triple challenge still exists which is poverty, unemployment and inequalities. In conclusion, failure to implement projects properly leads to a programme failure hence the need to identify project weaknesses and come up with effective mechanisms is of paramount important. There are many reasons why the rural construction projects fail; these reasons are discussed as follow: 1.1 Financial capacity Lack of capital contributes immensely to project failure. For example, black entrepreneurs are experiencing problem when it comes initiating a project. The majority of these entrepreneurs are entirely depending on ceding their rights to acquire financial assistance from Financial Institutions. 1.2 Lack of Training There are no practical structures in place that deals with a training of these entrepreneurs in the sense that they entirely depending on their talent or calling to execute the project thoroughly. They lack the aptitude to understand the project principles and actual practically implement those principles which are critical to project success. Even if there is a functioning structure, the maximum participation is inadequate from the side of participants. 1.3 Lack of Accountability From the side of the community no one is informed enough to question the standard of the project under implementation in the sense that the project leader does his or her will in term of implementing the project. In contrary, there is a lack of monitoring on the side of the government to hold the project leader or implementer accountable. 1.4 Human Resources There is lack of skilled labourers to implement project successfully. For example, the project entirely depends on the unskilled labourers for implementation. Therefore, it makes life of the project to be difficult. For instance, to an unskilled person it is normally not to question the opinion of the superior, even though he or she knows beyond the reasonable doubt that the opinion is impractical for the project execution. 1.5 Physical Resources Most of the natural resources that exist are never tested to check the viability before the execution in the sense that they are executed with a no prior testing to check their effectiveness. For example, natural resources such as soil to be used for agricultural cooperatives are used with no prior testing to check their suitability for planting. As result, most of crops do not yield returns because of the above mentioned short coming. 2. To identify the impact of project failure to economic growth 2.1 Increase in the level of poverty Failure to execute the project successfully will minimise the opportunities of self-sustainability to communities. For example, in the agricultural projects that are meant for cooperatives, failure on the part of the project leader to execute the project successfully will lead to community inability to sustain itself. As a result, the poverty levels will increase as community members will have to purchase from the retailers instead of doing it themselves. 2.2 Increase in the level of unemployment If the opportunities arise for project execution in a particular location, local labourers from that particular community have exceeding expectations for employment. Therefore, that means at the inception of the project more people will be employed, but as the project gradually fails to be completed those who were employed will be retrenched or redundant. 2.3 Increase in the level of Inequalities The existence of the project especially the empowerment project is to bridge the gap between those who have and those who have not. Therefore, that means those who have not will have something if the project succeeds, but if the project fails an opposite is applicable or vice visa. CHAPTER 3 CRITICAL RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. Why rural construction projects often fail? Rural construction projects often fail for many reasons. Firstly, rural communities lack participation and knowledge to hold project leader or executor accountable. Secondly, there are no monitoring systems in place in the part of government to monitor the progress of the project until completion and hold the project implementer accountable in case of non-performance. Finally, project leaders sometimes produce substandard performance due to lack of expertise and experience to execute the project until its completion. 2. How do we then deal with these rural project failures? Firstly and foremost, through campaigns for public awareness the level of public participation level will be improved because the public will be aware that they own these projects, the success of the project will be dependent on their active involvement. Secondly, if communities are well trained to improve the level of their competency they will become watch dogs and watch every move of the project that is taken by the contractor to ensure that the standard quality of project is achieved. Thirdly, on the monitoring part of the project there should be a continuous a level of training to familiarize those responsible for monitoring with the development so that they are updated. Finally, on the side of the contractor, there should an alignment of the expertise and the scope of works to ensure that maximum quality is achieved. CHAPTER 4 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY Firstly, community participation and involvement in a project is one of the key elements of action research, by proactively and systematically working towards improving the levels of involvement in the various stages of a project, the outcomes are more likely to suit local circumstances and ensure community ownership, and increase the sustainability of a project. However, developing and maintaining the participation of stakeholders can often be a challenge requiring various strategies and considerations. Secondly, on the government side the significant of the research helps to identify problem areas and arrive at the corrective measures in order to combat inefficiencies within the system in as far as monitoring is concerned. Finally, the same situation will apply on the part of the contractor or project leader as above in terms of identifying problematic areas that will have an impact on the progress of the project and come up with mechanisms to combat non-performance at an earlier s tage of the project. CHAPTER 6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research was conducted with several Client Departments such as Department of Roads and Public Works (DRPW), Department of Education (DOE), Health Department (DOH), Social Development Department, Local Government and District Municipality in Alfred Nzo Region, Eastern Cape. The Department of Roads and Public Infrastructure Managers, Eastern Cape were interviewed on what could be the cause of rural construction project failure such as schools, ECDC (Early Childhood Development Centres, Clinics and Roads since the department does their infrastructure projects in the Eastern Cape Province and District Municipality Infrastructure Programme Managers were also interviewed based on the failure of projects they render to the communities. IDP meetings are held every month and the District Municipality Infrastructure Programme Manager invites all Interdepartmental Infrastructure Programme Managers to come and report on projects which are either on planning or implementation. Articles were also used to find other possible ways of minimizing the failure of our rural construction projects. CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION The success of this initiative is entirely dependent on identifying the problematic areas that are there to hamper the progress of the rural projects. Therefore, positively identifying these problematic areas and effectively coming up with creative mechanisms will ensure the rural project success. In addition, the rural project success will ensure that the government initiative achieves its objectives of ensuring economic development that will ultimately lead to the economic growth. As a result, this growth in economy will positively address the triple challenge that is facing our democratic South Africa. TERMINOLOGY DRPW Department of Roads and Public Works DOE Department of Education DOH Department of Health DM District Municipality DOT Department of Transport IDP Infrastructure Development Program

I am Obligated to Use my Talents to Benefit Society Essay -- Medicine

I am Obligated to Use my Talents to Benefit Society As a potential medical student, I will strive to be a tremendous asset to The Chicago Medical School by devoting all my time and life to becoming an excellent physician. I believe that I am obligated to use my talents in a constructive manner, in a manner that benefits society. The medical career gives me the unique opportunity to express my many talents while benefiting human life. B. Berston M.D. once said: " ... a funny thing happens to medical students on their way to becoming physicians: they forget how to hold a conversation." I believe that my ability to communicate makes me well suited to pursue a medical career. While I possess the strong science background necessary for success in the profession, I also consider myself a " people" person. As a waiter and bartender, I dramatically improved and expanded my communication skills since I was constantly meeting new people and discussing different topics. Because people constantly disclosed thei... ... of medicine as a career because I am convinced that medicine offers me the opportunity to live a fulfilling, rewarding life dedicated to helping others. I will enter medicine eager to learn and thirsting for the knowledge to help my fellow human beings. Attending The Chicago Medical School would be one of the greatest rewards for my motivation and persistence for success. I swear to uphold and exceed all that is expected of a future physician while promoting the progress of medicine and humanity.

American History-Cold War

This work is an effort to acknowledge the Korean War. This is not an attempt to provide a history. The purpose of this work is to consider the argument that the Korean War was a natural extension of the Cold War and would not have been fought if relations with the U. S and Russia/China were not cold. Many see the Korean War as a mystery. Some parts of it seem almost immune to study and understanding. Statistics tell some things, and chronological narratives can provide a story upon which to hang data and factual information.But the problem is simply that people still do not know very much about the war. It was so complex, both in terms of its causes, and of the progress of the fighting, that the usual methods of reporting do not always tell a clear story. It was (and is) a significant part of American history, and within it are located keys to understanding America's highly transitional role in the increasingly complex world events of the time. The outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 was one of the great sea changes in postwar American history. Like the Trojan horse sent into Troy, President Harry S.Truman's June 1950 decision to intervene in the Korean crisis laid the nation bare to a bombardment of economic, political, military, and social changes. As it turned out, the Korean mobilization went far beyond preparations for America's first undeclared war; it evolved into the nation's de facto Cold War preparedness program, which came to span nearly forty years. The Korean War, which began with the invasion of the Republic of South Korea in June of 1950, can be more easily understood if we consider it as two, perhaps even three, wars.The first phase was between the United Nations and the Democratic People's Republic of North Korea. This period can be considered a victory for the United Nations. Surely there is no other word for the successful landing at Inchon in September 1950, the recapture of the South Korean capital of Seoul, and the approach, by Eighth Army on the west and X Corps on the east, to the Yalu. By the middle of November, the forces of the United Nations had scattered the troops of North Korea's army and occupied most of its territory. The goals of the United Nations, to drive the invader from South Korea, had been accomplished.The second phase, which General of the Army Douglas MacArthur called â€Å"an entirely new war,† began with the Chinese entry into the conflict. This phase must be considered much less successful. In the light of the goals established for the second stage of the war – to expel the Communist Chinese and to occupy and control the territory of North Korea – the war was a failure. But somewhere during the second year of fighting, around November 1951, the nature of the goals changed again. This change may be sufficient to define a third phase of the war.The third phase was marked by the decision to take a defensive posture in Korea. After the defeat at the Chosin reservoir and the slo w United Nations return to the 38th Parallel military victory seemed to be too great a goal. The war became one of attrition, not unlike World War I. The third phase was one of waiting, patrolling, skirmishing, destroying supplies, and attacking to kill rather than to occupy, and negotiating. If the legitimate purpose of war is to create a more perfect peace, as some have suggested, then phase three of the Korean War was its most important.Certainly the long-term goals, as well as the short-term reactions, seemed to be more directed at an easing of the Cold War than at victory in Korea. The decision made by President Harry S. Truman and his advisors to enter the war in defense of South Korea was one of major significance. Some historians believe it may have been predetermined by earlier events leading up to the invasion. On the surface, however, the decision looks like a rather abrupt shift in the administration's policy concerning Korea. The reaction gave Korea more importance than it had previously held for Americans.Later, when Truman authorized General MacArthur to move across the 38th, and seek the occupation of North Korea, that decision did not appear so much out of character. In the final analysis, however, this latter decision introduced a period of military defeat, public concern, and political difficulty. There is much about the fighting during the Korean War that, in an overview, appears paradoxical. The tremendous technological advances made during World War II paid off between 1945 and 1955. Weapon development moved quickly and weapons became more and more complex.Nevertheless, the Korean War was primarily fought with weapons left over from World War II. To a significant degree it was also fought with the strategies and often with the commanders, of that war. It was war fought in the beginning by untrained and unprepared occupation troops, then by â€Å"retreads† (recalled World War II veterans), then by draftees caught up in one of the lo osest conscription nets in modern history. Of course, it was a war in which military methodology and expectancy were severely limited.Finally, we can say that the Korean War verified Clausewitz's understanding that a limited war can be true to its defined goals only as long as it remains subject to political (civilian) control. The Korean War emphatically marked the end of the post-Second World War era. The Sovietization of Eastern Europe, the Greek civil war, the Czech coup, and the Berlin Airlift, not to mention the â€Å"loss† of China to the communists, had all served to erode what had remained of the wartime â€Å"Grand Alliance† between the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union that had persisted through the war and to the establishment of the United Nations.But with American, British, French, Dutch, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand, South African, Greek, Turkish, Filipino and Thai troops actually engaged in combat with Communist forces, the Cold War seemed obviously to have taken on a new and far more bitter dimension, and indeed, might no longer even merit the term â€Å"Cold War†. In the words of one scholar, â€Å"Without the Cold War there would have been no Korean War† (Mcmahon 69) In fact, the entry of China into the conflict in late 1950 unleashed apocalyptic imaginings of a Third World War, particularly amongst Americans.Even after the Armistice concluding the Korean War, the Cold War would continue for more than four decades. The Korean War marked a pivotal turning point in the global execution of the Cold War. To understand the larger context—the Cold War—is to understand how and why Korea fundamentally altered the political and economic scene in the United States. First, Korea marked the militarization of Harry Truman's containment policy.Before June 1950, the United States tended to emphasize the economic aspects of containment, during which time it sought to build a strong, free-marketà ¢â‚¬â€based international order to serve as a bulwark against Soviet communism. Once the war in Korea began, however, the United States emphasized military rearmament—here and abroad—to resist perceived Soviet aggression. Second, by militarizing containment as it did, the Truman administration globalized it as well.After Korea, the nation prepared itself ideologically and militarily to resist the Sovietsin every corner of the world. Thus, in the final analysis, the Korean mobilization was a mobilization within a mobilization: the nation began arming for the Korean conflict in the short-term while simultaneously mobilizing for the Cold War in the long-term. Division and Cold War came to Korea first and foremost because of the inability of outside powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, to devise a unification plan that would protect the interests of both (Wainstock 36).From the start the two powers regarded internal political configurations as highly unpredicta ble, so they were disinclined to encourage creation of an indigenous government that crossed zonal boundaries. The best opportunity for the emergence of such a government came in September 1945 with the rise of the KPR, a group that possessed strong linkages with the people's committees at the local level. Had the Americans supported the KPR, thus encouraging the KDP to play coalition rather than class politics, Koreans might have taken the lead in developing a vision of a united, independent country unthreatening to the great powers.Yet the best opportunity in this case does not represent a good opportunity, since such an outcome would have required extraordinary patience and trust on all sides, ingredients that were far from common at the time. The unexpected invasion ushered in a new and much more dangerous phase of the Cold War, not just in Asia but globally. Certain that the attack could only have occurred with the backing of the Soviet Union and China – a correct assess ment, as nowavailable evidence confirms – and convinced that it heralded a bolder and more aggressive worldwide offensive by the communist powers, the Truman administration responded vigorously.It immediately dispatched US naval and air forces to Korea in order to stem the North Korean advance and bolster South Korean defences. When that initial intervention proved insufficient, the administration dispatched US combat troops, which became part of an international force owing to the UN's condemnation of the North Korean invasion. ‘The attack upon Korea makes it plain beyond all doubt’, declared Truman in a 27 June address to the American people, ‘that Communism has passed beyond the use of subversion to conquer independent nations and will use armed invasion and war’ (Malkasian 21).He also revealed, in that same speech, that he was ordering the US Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, increasing aid to the French in Indo—China, and speeding addit ional aid to the pro—American Philippine government which was battling the radical Huk insurgency. Behind those four interventions – in Korea, China, Indo—China, and the Philippines – lay the American perception that a unified threat of formidable proportions was being mounted against Western interests by a hostile and newly aggressive world communist movement under the leadership of the Soviet Union and its Chinese junior partner.The impact of the Cold War on the Korean War is difficult to overstate. Not only did the Korean fighting lead to an intensification and geographical expansion of the Cold War, threaten a wider conflict between the United States and the communist powers, and foster increased East–West hostility, but it also spurred a huge increase in American defence spending and, more broadly, a militarization and globalization of American foreign policy. Beyond Asia, the conflict in Korea also hastened the strengthening of NATO, the armi ng of Germany, and the stationing of US troops on European soil.‘It was the Korean War and not World War II that made the United States a world military—political power’, diplomat Charles Bohlen has argued. With uncommon unanimity, scholars have affirmed that judgement, identifying the Korean War as a key turning point in the international history of the postwar era. America's ‘real commitment to contain communism everywhere originated in the events surrounding the Korean War’, contends John Lewis Gaddis. Warren I.Cohen calls it ‘a war that would alter the nature of the Soviet—American confrontation, change it from a systemic political competition into an ideologically driven, militarized contest that threatened the very survival of the globe’ (Anthony 42). Yet, as Cohen also notes, ‘that a civil war in Korea would provide the critical turning point in the postwar Soviet—American relationship, and raise the possibilit y of world war, seems, in retrospect, nothing short of bizarre’ (Ball 15). Certainly, in the aftermath of World War II, few places appeared less likely to emerge as a focal point of great power competition.Occupied and ruled by Japan as a colony ever since 1910, Korea factored into wartime councils merely as yet another minor and obscure territory whose future disposition fell on the Allies' already overburdened shoulders. At the Potsdam Conference, the Americans and Soviets agreed to share occupation responsibilities there by temporarily dividing the country at the 38th parallel; they also agreed to work towards the establishment of an independent, unified Korea at the earliest practicable time.In December 1945, at a foreign ministers' meeting in Moscow, the Soviets accepted a US proposal for the establishment of a joint Soviet—American commission to prepare for the election of a provisional Korean government as a first step toward full independence. But that plan soo n fell victim to larger Cold War tensions that militated against any meaningful cooperation, or compromise, between Moscow and Washington. By 1948, the occupation divisions had instead hardened. In the north, a pro—Soviet regime under the leadership of the former antiJapanese fighter Kim took on all the trappings of an independent regime.So, too, did its counterpart in the south: a proAmerican regime headed by the virulently anti—communist Syngman Rhee, a Korean nationalist of long standing. Each side regularly rattled sabres at the other; neither North nor South Koreans could accept a permanent division of their homeland. In 1948, the Truman administration, seeking to extricate itself gracefully from its Korean commitment, began withdrawing US military forces from the peninsula. American defence planners believed not only that US military personnel had become overextended worldwide, necessitating this pullback, but that Korea, in fact, possessed minimal strategic wort h.The North Korean invasion two years later brought a different calculus to the fore. Although it might have lacked great intrinsic strategic value, Korea stood as a potent symbol, especially in view of America's role as midwife and protector of the Seoul regime. Further, the North Korean attack, sanctioned and backed by the Soviet Union and China, threatened America's credibility as a regional and global power every bit as much as it threatened the survival of the South Korean government. To Truman, Acheson, and other senior decision—makers, the stakes at risk in Korea appeared enormous.Consequently, without any dissenting voices being raised, the president quickly authorized US military intervention. ‘If the United Nations yields to the force of aggression’, Truman declared publicly on 30 November, ‘no nation will be safe or secure. If aggression is successful in Korea, we can expect it to spread throughout Asia and Europe to this hemisphere. We are fight ing in Korea for our own national security and survival’ (Roe 90) That statement came right after the entry of Chinese Communist ‘volunteer’ forces into the fray, a development that changed the character of the Korean conflict – and, arguably, the Cold War as well.Truman and his military advisers grew overconfident after MacArthur turned the tide of battle in September 1950 by outflanking the North Koreans with his legendary Inchon landing. The UN forces under his command crossed into North Korean territory on 7 October; by 25 October, some advance units reached the Yalu River, along the North Korean—Chinese border. As they inched closer to Chinese territory, Mao informed Stalin that he had decided to send Chinese troops across the Yalu.‘The reason’, he explained, ‘is that if we allow the United States to occupy all of Korea and Korean revolutionary strength suffers a fundamental defeat, then the Americans will run more rampant to the detriment of the entire East. ’ Mao, too, saw broad regional and global implications in the Korean outcome. MacArthur, who had so cavalierly underestimated the Chinese military threat and whose forces were almost completely driven out of North Korea by the end of November, informed the Joint Chiefs of Staff: ‘We face an entirely new war’ (Paige 12).The world faced an entirely new Cold War by that time as well, one whose boundaries reached well beyond Europe. The emergence of Mao's regime in China, the Sino—Soviet alliance, Soviet and Chinese support for North Korean adventurism, the intervention of US and UN forces in Korea, the subsequent entry of Chinese troops, the presence of communist elements within Southeast Asia's nationalist movements – all ensured that the Cold War would remain a commanding presence in postwar Asia for a long time to come.The Korean War itself dragged on inconclusively until July 1953, when the warring parties signed an armistice that achieved little more than an exchange of prisoners—of—war and a return to the status quo ante bellum. The 38th parallel remained an ominous line of division – not just between North and South Korea, but between the Eastern and Western blocs. With the Korean conflict, the Cold War became increasingly global in scope. In the decade that followed the onset of the Korean fighting, few corners of the world managed to escape the ensnaring web of superpower rivalry, competition, and conflict.Indeed, the principal international flashpoints of the 1950s and 1960s – Iran, Guatemala, Indo—China, the Taiwan Strait, Suez, Lebanon, Indonesia, Cuba, the Congo – lay well beyond the Cold War's original boundaries. Only Berlin, whose contested status triggered Soviet–American crises in 1958 and again in 1961–2, belongs to the set of immediate post—World War II disputes that precipitated the East–West breach in the first place. From the standpoint of the great power struggle, the grounds for defending South Korea were strong.It was believed that if the North Korean aggression succeeded, Indo-China would be almost certain to fall under Communist control, with the aid of whatever Chinese forces were necessary. The snowballing effect of Communist triumphs might make Thailand and Burma relatively easy conquests. Since Indo-China is strategically the key to all South East Asia, the stubborn communist guerrilla movement in Malaya might be expected to gain momentum, with aid from the north, and gun-running to the Huks in the Philippines would not be too difficult.Both in the Philippines and Japan, also, the psychology of Red success would operate powerfully. In the end it might be difficult to hold Japan, especially since she cannot exist, apart from American doles, in the absence of trade with China and South East Asia. As in every crisis of the Cold War, the image of the falling dominoes was allow ed free rein. Thus far the Truman Doctrine had been enforced in Europe, but it had been a dismal failure in East Asia. If now the tremendous triumph of communism in China were capped by further Red gains in Asia the effect on Europe might be decisive.In the United States, too, the result might well be decisive politically for the Truman Administration. Its foes were already making capital bitterly about the non-enforcement of the Doctrine in China. If it collapsed in Asia there would be a mighty outcry indeed. A stage in the Cold War had come which seemed to compel a defense of the Doctrine in Asia. These considerations were sufficient to induce resolute action in Korea, without going to the defense of the United Nations. Up to this time enforcement of the United Nations Charter had not been a compelling motive in Washington.The UN was brushed aside in Greece, and independent action taken to defeat the Communist guerrillas. In Indonesia the United States had brought strong moral pre ssure to bear on the Netherlands in the Security Council, but no troops and planes were sent to fight the Dutch when they defied a UN cease fire order. Nor did the United States mobilize the UN to save the infant Israeli Republic when five Arab states invaded Palestine in 1948 to overturn by force the partition plan adopted by the UN General Assembly.Defiance of the United Nations could not have been more flagrant, but the United States moved no troops and planes to save the victims of Hitler's hate who had gathered in Israel, and who appeared to be on the point of being destroyed by the armies of UN members converging on them from all sides. In the end Israel was saved by her own heroic fighting, with arms obtained largely from communist Czechoslovakia. The United States gave no armed support to Israel as the ward of UN. The Koreans did not ask for the division of their country, even temporarily.They also organized a government which was broadly representative and quite capable of governing the country. But neither the U. S. S. R. nor the U. S. A. would permit this government to function. Each insisted on creating a government for half the country in its own image. In this attempt the Soviets succeeded, but the United States brought a twenty-year emigre back to Korea and permitted him to build himself up into a lifetime despot capable of inviting the American people in their own capital to join him in self destruction.Division having resulted and hardened, two successive attempts to unite Korea by force were made, but the outcome was a great power war which nearly destroyed Korea and did not significantly alter the division of the country. On the contrary, the division was hardened and South Korea was left an overpopulated, undernourished, unviable country, existing only on the military dole of the United States and under a police state government which was a standing invitation to revolution – Red or otherwise.To highlight the argument, it is necessar y to review the years 1945 through 1948. There can be no more striking reflection of Korea's dependence on others than the decision to divide the peninsula into occupation zones in 1945. Koreans had no input in the decision because they had no recognized government or armed forces to defend their interests. They had been swallowed up in the Japanese empire early in the century and were now being freed from that status because of Japan's defeat in a war in which Koreans had contributed more to the losing than to the winning side.Prospects for the peaceful unification of Korea from August 1945 onward were between slim and nil. The first step toward June 25, 1950, had been taken by the great powers—alone. Koreans in 1945 were deeply split among themselves—between close collaborators with the Japanese and underground dissenters; between landowners and peasants; between businessmen and factory workers; between police and civilians. These divisions had festered beneath the s urface before 1945, as the Japanese used the strategy of divide and conquer to ease the task of ruling Korea.The collaborationist issue aside, many of the disputes were foreshadowed in the divisions among exiled independence groups. After liberation from Japan they burst into the open on the peninsula itself. Their existence eliminated any chance for a united indigenous resistance to the country's partition by outsiders. Yet the particular form the divisions took and the ultimate outcome of the resulting conflicts were deeply influenced, indeed often determined, by the foreign presence.That the exiled groups during the Japanese period had looked to outsiders for assistance—Nationalist China and the United States in the case of the Right, the Soviet Union and Communist China in the case of the Left—and that one of the outsiders on each side now occupied half of Korea greatly magnified the problem. The trusteeship issue represented an extreme case, since it was totally c reated by the outsiders. Although the Soviets were able to keep the Korean Left in line on trusteeship, the Americans never persuaded the indigenous Right to support it—or even to exercise restraint in attacking it.Ultimately the United States gave in to Syngman Rhee and abandoned trusteeship, but only because, by September 1947, he represented the best hope for keeping South Korea out of Communist hands, an important U. S. objective in its own right. By the end of 1948, two indigenous governments existed on the peninsula, one exercising authority above the thirty-eighth parallel, one below it, one leftist in orientation and aligned with the Soviet Union, the other rightist and aligned with the United States.It is impossible to imagine this result without the Soviet-American agreement of 1945. If the situation in Korea at the end of 1948 cannot be grasped without reference to the foreign presence since 1945, it is also fair to say that the picture is incomplete without mentio n of the civil conflict that had waxed and waned below the thirty-eighth parallel since the fall of 1946. The unrest began in September with strikes and riots by workers in several cities and soon spread to the countryside, where landlords became frequent objects of attack.Hundreds of civilians and police died in the turmoil. The Left lost heavily in the violence, and for the next year, while unrest was widespread at the village level, it appears not to have been as well coordinated as before. The violence picked up greatly during 1948, with the biggest revolt against government authority beginning in April on Cheju Island. By the end of the year, guerrillas operated extensively on the mainland, so much so that the United States decided to postpone withdrawal of the last of its combat troops from the South.Six of South Korea's eight provinces eventually saw substantial guerrilla activity, which peaked in the fall of 1949 and subsided in the spring of 1950 as a result of strong count eraction by ROK forces. Violence in the South from late 1946 to mid-1950 brought death to some one hundred thousand Koreans. If the Americans were instrumental in suppressing the activity, the Soviets played an integral role in fostering it.Although the general strike in South Korea of September 1946 appears to have begun at the initiative of the Korean Communist Party below the thirty-eighth parallel, the Soviets soon took an active part, giving advice, which the southern rebels often solicited, encouragement, and considerable financial aid. The Soviets also pushed successfully for the merger of the three leftist parties in the two zones and participated in the training and infiltration of North Korean agents and guerrillas into the South.The unrest in South Korea grew in part out of local conditions, but neither its origins nor its course can be understood without devoting heavy attention to activities originating in the North or to actions heavily influenced by the Soviet and Ame rican presence on the peninsula. The local, national, and international forces blended together in a manner that would have made the actual course of events largely unrecognizable with the elimination of any of the three (Stueck 44). On June 25, 1950 NorthKorea invaded South Korea.The invasion was less important in actual strategic terms than in what it symbolized: a confirmation of the aggressive nature of Soviet communism. President Truman attached this symbolism immediately to the war. In his statement issued on June 27 the president declared: â€Å"The attack upon Korea makes it plain beyond all doubt that communism has passed beyond the use of subversion to conquer independent nations and will now use armed invasion and war† (Lowe 120). In response he ordered the Seventh Fleet to protect Formosa, sought U. S. condemnation of the North's aggression, and eventually committed U. S.military forces under the auspices of the United Nations to fight the Korean War. The cold war had suddenly turned into a hot war. But it was a hot war of a peculiar kind. In fact, it was the new face of war in the postwar world. The Korean War was a proxy war fought in Korea but symbolizing the worldwide struggle between the free world and the communist world. If the North Korean invasion symbolized communists' intentions to dominate the world, the U. S. response symbolized the resolve of the United States to resist Soviet domination. It was a critical moment. Metaphysical symbolism replaced tangible objectives as the focal point of war.Such a transcendental transformation had its roots in the original request of economic aid to Greece and Turkey, but it was to have consequences that would reach to the rice paddies of Vietnam. The anticommunism rhetoric was now pervasive and complete. Politicians and people interpreted the meaning of each of these three sets of events – the Hiss conviction and the other charges of domestic communist activities, the invasion of South Korea by the North, and the Chinese intervention into that war – by the standards of that rhetoric and at the same time used these events as proof that the rhetoric was correct in the first place.It was a classic tautology. Understanding and proving arose simultaneously and led to action. And action confirmed the understanding and proof. The Korean War was the linchpin of these final proofs. John Lewis Gaddis (1983) remarked that the widely shared but erroneous impression that the invasion of South Korea was the first military step in the Soviet Union's plan to conquer the world had three important consequences: (1) the transformation of NATO from â€Å"a traditional mutual defense alliance into a[n] integrated military structure† that led to the appointment of a U.S. supreme commander of NATO and the stationing of U. S. troops in Europe; (2) the rearming of West Germany and the signing of a peace treaty with Japan, thus making alliances with old enemies to fight a new enemy; and (3) the approval of National Security Memorandum No. 68, better known as NSC-68 (32). Perhaps the only issue on which the United States and China had significant common interests concerns the Korean peninsula. Washington and Beijing had a strong interest in preventing North Korean acquisition of nuclear weapons.Not only would a nuclear-armed North Korea make a North-South war far more dangerous, but it might also encourage South Korean and Japanese acquisition of nuclear weapons and cause a nuclear arms race in Northeast Asia. Thus, at times Beijing has applied economic pressure on North Korean rulers, assisting U. S. efforts to compel Pyongyang to curtail its nuclear program. Indeed, Chinese policy toward nuclear proliferation into North Korea was one Chinese policy that consistently drew praise from Washington for having â€Å"concerns similar† to America's and for playing â€Å"an important cooperative role† and providing â€Å"critical cooperation† in U. S.efforts to freeze North Korea's nuclear program. China has also been supportive of U. S. efforts to bring about North Korean participation in the four-party peace talks involving the two Koreas, China, and the United States (Guttmann 59). The United States and China also shared an interest in preventing economic and political instability in North Korea from leading to war between the two Koreas. China has contributed to this common objective of a â€Å"soft† rather than a â€Å"crash landing† of the North Korean government by encouraging Pyongyang to open its economy to foreign trade and investment and by supplying it with subsidized energy resources.As the North Korean economy rapidly deteriorated, Beijing supplied Pyongyang with emergency food and clothing supplies. Since then, Beijing has continued to provide North Korea with food, consumer goods, and energy assistance. But even U. S. -China relations on this relatively cooperative issue had tensions. Whe reas Washington's policy toward North Korea was primarily focused on preventing nuclear proliferation, Beijing's policy attached equal weight to its vital interest in preserving its significant influence in a border state located at the intersection of all of the great powers.Moreover, Beijing had even greater interest than Washington in preventing war on the Korean peninsula, insofar as it would be waged on China's border and could spill over into Chinese territory. U. S. China friction results from Washington's frustration when Chinese caution inhibits Beijing from applying greater pressure on the North Korean leadership. Thus far, U. S. -China common interests in regional stability have prevailed, but should the U. S. -North Korean agreement collapse, U. S. -China tension over North Korea could intensify.The nuclear problem on the Korean peninsula was, in part, a holdover from the Cold War. It stemmed, ultimately, from the division of the country and the threat to the status quo posed by the Communist regime in the north – the same set of circumstances that had led to war in 1950. The same dictator – Kim II-sung-who had launched the attack in 1950 was in power and threatening to acquire nuclear weapons in 1994. The problem of North Korean nuclear weapons produced a political alignment in the region that demonstrated the differences between the Cold War and post-Cold War eras in yet another way.In 1950 the United States and Japan were allied with South Korea against North Korea, the Soviet Union, and the People's Republic of China (Buzo 89). Korea has common borders with both Russia and China. All four powers participated, directly or indirectly, in the Korean War of the 1950s. The Korean War was extension of the conflict in and the Cold War, at least in American eyes. North Korea, China, and later Vietnam were seen in Washington as part of a single Communist bloc, all allies and instruments of Moscow. A scenario suggests that the Soviet Union, North Korea, and Communist China conspired to begin a war in Asia.The North Korean invasion of South Korea was the opening move in a Communist offensive for worldwide domination. However, while it is fairly certain that Premier Mao Tsetung and Stalin were both aware of North Korea's decision to invade, there is less evidence that the nations involved were acting under the aegis of international communism. In fact, failure to understand the difference between national and international communism is a significant part of the inability of the United Nations to comprehend the depth of the problem it faced.The actual element of conspiracy, it there was one, may have been in the willingness of major political powers to use small and vulnerable nations in the Cold War. That is, the Korean War simply have been a convenient battleground for one more clash between nations who did not have the courage to take on each other openly. Works Cited Anthony, Farrar-Hockley. â€Å"The China Factor i n the Korean War†. In The Korean War in History ed. James Cotton and Ian Neary. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1989. Ball, S. J. The Cold War: An International History, 1947-1991. Arnold: London, 1998.Buzo, Adrian. The Making of Modern Korea. Routledge: New York. , 2002. Gaddis John Lewis. â€Å"The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on the Origins of the Cold War†. Diplomatic History 7 (Summer 1983): 171-90. Guttmann, Allen. Korea and the Theory of Limited War. D. C. Heath: Lexington, MA, 1967. Kaufman, Burton I. The Korean Conflict. Greenwood Press: Westport, CT, 1999. Lowe, Peter. The Origins of the Korean War. London: Longmann, 1986. Malkasian, Carter. A History of Modern Wars of Attrition. Praeger: Westport, CT, 2002. Mcmahon, Robert. The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction.Oxford University Press: Oxford, England, 2003. Paige, Glenn D. The Korean Decision. New York: Free Press, 1968. Ridgway, M. B. The Korean War, Garden City, NY, 1967. Roe, Patrick C. The Dragon Strikes: China and the Korean War, June-December 1950. Presidio Press: Novato, CA, 2000. Sandler, Stanley. The Korean War: No Victors, No Vanquished. UCL Press: London, 1999. Stueck, William. Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, 2002. Wainstock, Dennis D. Truman, Macarthur and the Korean War. Greenwood Press: Westport, CT, 1999.